Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacy - Gastrointestinal Tract > Physiology Of The Mouth And Oesophagus > Flashcards

Physiology Of The Mouth And Oesophagus Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to food in the mouth during chewing?

A

Food is mixed with saliva during chewing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name the three pairs of salivary glands.

A

Parotid, submandibular, sublingual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How much saliva is secreted each day?

A

Around 1500ml of saliva is secreted each day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the components of saliva?

A

Mucous to help lubricate food
α-amylase to initiate the breakdown of carbohydrates
Lysozyme with antibacterial actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name the structures around the mouth and organs.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is saliva formed?

A

Saliva is formed as an isotonic fluid produced by acinar cells that secrete electrolytes and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What happens to the fluid as it flows along the salivary duct?

A

The fluid is modified as it flows along the salivary duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What factors determine the final composition of saliva?

A

The final composition of saliva depends upon flow rate and neuronal input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is saliva secretion regulated?

A

Saliva secretion is controlled by reflexes mediated via the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system on saliva secretion?

A

Parasympathetic stimulation results in watery
saliva that is rich in amylase and mucous

It increases blood flow to the salivary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the effects of the sympathetic nervous system on saliva secretion?

A

Sympathetic stimulation promotes an increased output of thicker mucous

It reduces blood flow to the salivary glands, resulting in an overall reduction in the secretion of watery saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens during the voluntary stage of swallowing?

A

The tongue pushes the bolus backward to the oropharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the pharyngeal stage of swallowing.

A

It is a reflex action controlled by the deglutition center in the medulla and pons of the brain
The soft palate and uvula move up to seal off the nasopharynx
The larynx is raised, glottis is sealed, and the epiglottis covers the glottis, suspending breathing for 1-2 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A

The oesophagus is the tube connecting the laryngopharynx to the stomach.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the muscularis layer of the oesophagus during swallowing.

A

The muscularis layer is striated for the first third to assist in swallowing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the composition of the muscularis layer in the middle and lower thirds of the oesophagus?

A

The middle third is a mixture of striated and smooth muscle, while the lower third is composed entirely of smooth muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How are drugs absorbed in the mouth?

A

Buccal or Sublingual delivery involves drugs crossing the epithelium (oral mucosa) and entering the bloodstream directly, typically resulting in greater bioavailability.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the advantages of Buccal or Sublingual delivery?

A

It avoids first-pass metabolism, which is the loss of drug during absorption via the gut wall.
This method is suitable if rapid action is required.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What factors need to be considered in the absorption of drugs in the mouth?

A

Solubility in saliva needs to be considered.

Only small lipophilic molecules are well absorbed through passive diffusion.

Barriers to absorption can be challenging.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the surface area of the oral mucosa?

A

The surface area of the oral mucosa is limited, approximately 200cm².

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does drug absorption occur in the oral mucosa?

A

Drug absorption in the oral mucosa primarily occurs through passive diffusion.

22
Q

What is notable about the blood supply to the oral mucosa?

A

The oral mucosa has a rich blood supply, leading to a rapid onset of action with similar bioavailability to intravenous formulations.

23
Q

What consideration is important for drug dissolution in buccal administration?

A

The drug must dissolve in saliva, making hydrophobicity an issue.

24
Q

What is important to consider regarding the swallowing reflex in buccal drug delivery?

A

The swallowing reflex needs to be considered, and retention in the mouth is important for buccal delivery.

25
Q

How does the surface area for absorption in buccal administration compare to other routes?

A

The surface area for absorption in buccal administration is limited, approximately 200cm², compared to 20,000cm² (skin) or 350,000cm² (GI tract)

26
Q

What barriers must a drug overcome during oral delivery?

A

The drug must diffuse across the lipophilic cell membrane and the hydrophilic interior of the cell. These barriers must be taken into consideration.

27
Q

What enzymatic barrier exists in buccal tissue, and what is its impact?

A

Aminopeptidase in buccal tissue is an enzymatic barrier causing rapid degradation of peptides and proteins, limiting their transport across the epithelium.

28
Q

What is the challenge associated with oral drug delivery?

A

The challenge lies in developing suitable delivery systems to overcome these barriers.

29
Q

What challenges are associated with buccal drug delivery in terms of keeping the drug in place?

A

The drug (dose) must be kept in place for absorption, and excess saliva could reduce this.

30
Q

What limitation is associated with the surface area in buccal drug delivery?

A

The surface area for absorption is limited.

31
Q

What considerations are important for the taste of a drug in buccal delivery?

A

The taste of the drug must be bland.

32
Q

What are the requirements for a drug to be suitable for buccal delivery?

A

The drug must be a non-irritant to the mouth or teeth.

33
Q

What is the term for dry mouth?

A

Xerostomia

34
Q

What are common oral/dental problems?

A

Oral ulcers
Oral thrush

35
Q

What complications can arise from dry mouth?

A

Dry mouth can lead to oral ulcers and dental caries and can affect both digestion and drug absorption.

36
Q

How can dry mouth be treated?

A

Dry mouth can be treated with artificial saliva preparations, such as lozenges, sprays, or gels.

37
Q

How are oral ulcers usually treated?

A

Oral ulcers usually clear up without treatment, but in some cases, anti-inflammatory (corticosteroid) and antimicrobial mouthwash may be required to prevent infection.

38
Q

What is oral thrush?

A

Oral thrush is a yeast infection.

39
Q

What are some causes of oral thrush?

A

Causes include overuse of antibiotics, poor immune system, underlying disease, smoking, and the use of dentures.

40
Q

How is oral thrush typically treated?

A

Treatment is aimed at reducing fungal infection using oral antifungal gel, for example, miconazole or nystatin.

41
Q

What is an example of a medication that may cause tooth decay due to sugar or artificial sweeteners?

A

Antacids

42
Q

How can chewable antacids contribute to tooth decay?

A

Chewable antacids can get stuck between your teeth and over time, result in decay.

43
Q

What is the impact of opioids, a type of pain medication, on tooth enamel?

A

Opioids can cause dry mouth and the consequent erosion of tooth enamel.

44
Q

How can antihistamines contribute to tooth decay?

A

Antihistamines can block the release of saliva, resulting in dry mouth, which may lead to tooth decay.

45
Q

What is a potential concern related to the use of inhalers for asthma?

A

Inhalers for asthma may contain a slightly acidic ingredient (beta-adrenergic agonist), which can be harmful to tooth enamel, causing susceptibility to tooth decay.

46
Q

What is a key recommendation for dental hygiene regarding water intake?

A

Drink plenty of water

47
Q

What are the recommendations for brushing teeth?

A

Brush your teeth twice a day and get regular dental check-ups

48
Q

How can smoking be addressed for better dental hygiene?

A

Reduce or give up smoking

49
Q

What drinks should be reduced for improved dental hygiene?

A

Reduce intake of caffeinated and dehydrating drinks like coffee, tea, and alcohol

50
Q

What additional products can be used for oral hydration?

A

Use a moisturizing mouth spray and a hydrating mouth rinse.

Pharmacy - Gastrointestinal Tract (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions