Anatomy of the Nervous System Flashcards
(170 cards)
1
Q
A cut in which of the following planes would sever all of the cerebral commissures, the tracts that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres? Select one: a. frontal b. midsagittal c. horizontal d. diagonal e. sagittal
A
b. midsagittal
2
Q
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by
Select one:
a. networks of small blood vessels that protrude into the ventricles.
b. the superior sagittal sinus.
c. the arachnoid membrane.
d. the choroid plexuses.
e. both A and D
A
e. both A and D
3
Q
Deterioration of the pathway from the substantia nigra to the striatum is often found in cases of Select one: a. autism. b. Korsakoff's syndrome. c. Parkinson's disease. d. multiple sclerosis.
A
c. Parkinson’s disease.
4
Q
Hydrocephalus results from the Select one: a. production of excessively watery CSF. b. none of the above c. production of water rather than CSF. d. production of too much CSF. e. breakdown of the mechanism that absorbs CSF into the lateral vesicles.
A
b. none of the above
5
Q
Interneurons
Select one:
a. don’t conduct signals from one structure to another; they integrate activity within a single brain structure.
b. have several short axons and no dendrites.
c. have two short axons but no dendrites.
d. have bipolar axons and no dendrites.
e. have one long axon and one short dendrite.
A
a. don’t conduct signals from one structure to another; they integrate activity within a single brain structure.
6
Q
Neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are part of the
Select one:
a. somatic nervous system.
b. basal ganglia.
c. ANS.
d. peripheral nervous system.
e. both C and D
A
e. both C and D
7
Q
The hypothalamus and thalamus compose the
Select one:
a. mesencephalon.
b. pituitary.
c. brain stem.
d. diencephalon.
e. medulla.
A
d. diencephalon.
8
Q
The largest cerebral commissure is the Select one: a. longitudinal commissure. b. massa intermedia. c. corpus callosum. d. massa commissura. e. humungus commissura.
A
c. corpus callosum.
9
Q
The spine of a human runs just beneath the body’s
Select one:
a. superior surface.
b. anterior surface.
c. dorsal surface.
d. posterior surface.
e. ventral surface.
A
c. dorsal surface.
10
Q
What is the name of nerves that carry sensory signals to thee CNS?
A
Afferent nerves
11
Q
What is the name of the nerves that carry motor signals from the CNS to the skeletal muscles?
A
Efferent nerves
12
Q
Which part of the CNS do sympathetic nerves project from?
A
Lumbar (back) and thoracic (chest) regions of the spinal cord
13
Q
Which part of the CNS do parasympathetic nerves project from?
A
Brain and sacral (lower back) region of the spinal cord
14
Q
What are the names of the meninges? List from outermost to innermost
A
Dura mater
Arachnoid membrane
Pia mater
15
Q
Where is the subarachnoid space and what is found within it?
A
Between the arachnoid membrane and pia mater; it contains many large blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid
16
Q
The small central channel that runs the length of the spinal cord is called what?
A
Central canal
17
Q
What is hydroencephalus?
A
the buildup of fluid in the ventricles which causes the walls of the ventricles, and thus the entire brain, to expand
18
Q
The peripheral nervous system is located outside the ________
A
Skull and spine
19
Q
The part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the body’s internal environment is the _______ system
A
Autonomic nervous
20
Q
Nerves that carry sensory messages from the skin, joints, eyes, and ears to the central nervous system are called ______ nerves
A
Afferent
21
Q
Sympathetic nerves are a part of the ______ nervous system
A
Autonomic
22
Q
________ nerves stimulate, organise, and mobilise energy resources in threatening situations
A
Sympathetic
23
Q
The vagus nerves are the longest ______
A
Cranial nerves
24
Q
The olfactory nerves and optic nerves are the only two purely sensory _______
A
Cranial nerves
25
The innermost meninx is the ______
Pia mater
26
The ______ space, made up of large blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid, lie between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater
Subarachnoid
27
The traditional view on cerebrospinal fluid production says that it is made by small blood vessels called the _______
Choroid plexus
28
A tumor near the ______ can produce hydroephalus
Cerebral aqueduct
29
The cells in the brain are tightly packed and act as a _______ to any protein or large molecules
Barrier
30
What is the name of glial cells with extensions that wrap around the axons of some neurons of the central nervous system?
Oligoedendrocytes
31
What are the four classes of glial cells?
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
Microglia
Astrocytes
32
Which glial cell responds to injury or disease by multiplying, engulfing debris and triggering inflammatory response?
Microglia
33
Which of the five major divisions is the cerebral cortex apart of?
Telencephalon
34
Which of the five major divisions is the thalamus apart of?
Diencephalon
35
Which of the five major divisions is the major fissues apart of?
Telencephalon
36
Which of the five major divisions is the tectum apart of?
Mesencephalon
37
Which of the five major divisions is the major gyri apart of?
Telencephalon
38
Which of the five major divisions is the reticular formation apart of?
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon (medulla)
39
Which of the five major divisions is the four lobes apart of?
Telencephalon
40
Which of the five major divisions is the hypothalamus apart of?
Diencephalon
41
Which of the five major divisions is the limbic system apart of?
Telencephalon
42
Which of the five major divisions is the tegmegtum apart of?
Mesencephalon
43
Which of the five major divisions is the basal ganglia apart of?
Telencephalon
44
Which of the five major divisions is the pons apart of?
Metencephalon
45
Which of the five major divisions is the cerebral commissures apart of?
Telencephalon
46
Which of the five major divisions is the optic chiasm apart of?
Diencephalon
47
Which of the five major divisions is the cerebellum apart of?
Metencephalon
48
Which of the five major divisions is the pituitary gland apart of?
Diencephalon
49
What makes up the limbic system?
```
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Fornix
Cingulate cortex
Septum
Mammillary bodies
```
50
What makes up the tectum?
Superior colliculi
| Inferior colliculi
51
What makes up the tegmentum?
```
Reticular formation
Cerebral aqueduct
Periaqueductal gray
Substantia nigra
Red nucleus
```
52
What are afferent nerves?
nerves that carry sensory signals to the central nervous system
53
What does anterior mean?
towards the nose end of a vertebrate
54
What is the amygdala?
A structure in the anterior temporal lobe, just anterior to the hippocampus; plays a role in emotion
55
What is the arachnoid membrane?
the meninx that is located between the dura mater and the pia mater and has the appearance of a gauzelike spiderweb
56
What are astrocytes?
large, star-shaped glial cells that play multiple roles in the CNS
57
What is the autonomic nervous system?
the part of the peripheral nervous system that participates in the regulation of the body's internal environment
58
What is the basal ganglia?
a collection of subcortical nuclei (e.g., striatum and globus pallidus)
59
What is a bipolar neuron?
a neuron with two processes extending from its cell body
60
What is the blood-brain barrier?
the mechanism that impedes the passage of toxic substances from the blood into the brain
61
What is the brain stem?
the part of the brain on which the cerebral hemispheres rest; in general, it regulates reflex activities that are critical for survival (e.g., heart rate and respiration)
62
What is the caudate?
the tail-like structure that is part of the striatum
63
What is the central canal?
the small CSF-filled channel that runs the length of the spinal cord
64
What is the central fissure?
the large fissure that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
65
What is the central nervous system (CNS)?
the portion of the nervous system within the skull and spine
66
What is the cerebellum?
a metencephalic structure that is thought to participate in the storage of memories of learned sensorimoter skills
67
What is the cerebral aqueduct?
a narrow channel that connects the thirds and fourth ventricles
68
What are cerebral commisures?
tracts that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres
69
What is the cerebral cortex?
the layer of neural tissue covering the cerebral hemispheres of humans and other mammals
70
What are cerebral ventricles?
the four CSF-filled internal chambers of the brain: the two lateral ventricles, the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle
71
What is the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
the fluid that fills the subarachnoid space, the central canal and the cerebral ventricles
72
What is the choroid plexuses?
the networks capillaries that protrude into the ventricles from the pia mater and produce cerebrospinal fluid
73
What is the cingulate cortex?
the cortex of the cingulate gyri, which are located on the medial surfaces of the frontal lobes
74
What is the cingulate gyrus?
large gyri located on the medial surfaces of the frontal lobes, just superior to the corpus callosum
75
What is columnar organisation?
the functional organization of the neocortex in vertical columns; the cells in each column form a mini-circuit that performs a single function
76
What does contralateral mean?
projecting from one side of the body to the other
77
What is the corpus callosum?
the largest cerebral commissure
78
What are cranial nerves?
the 12 pairs of nerves extending from the brain (e.g., optic nerves, olfactory nerves and vagus nerves)
79
What is a cross section?
section cut at a right angle to any long, narrow structure of the CNS
80
What does decussate mean?
to cross over to the other side of the brain
81
What is the diencephalon?
one of the five major divisions of the brain; it is composed of the thalamus and hypothalamus
82
What does distal mean?
far from something
83
What does dorsal mean?
towards the surface of the back of the vertebrate or towards the top of the head
84
What are dorsal horns?
the two dorsal arms of the spinal gray matter
85
What is the dorsal root ganglia?
structures just outside the spinal cord that are composed of the cell bodies of dorsal root axons
86
What is the dura mater?
the tough outer meninx
87
What are efferent nerves?
nerves that carry motor signal from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscles or internal organs
88
What is electron microscopy?
a microscopy technique used to study the fine details of cellular structures
89
What are fissures?
the large furrows in a convoluted cortex
90
What is the fornix?
the major tract of the limbic system; it connects the hippocampus with the septum and mammillary bodies
91
What is the frontal lobe?
the most anterior of the four central lobes
92
What are frontal section?
any slices of brain tissue cut in a plane that is parallel to the face; also termed coronal sections
93
What is the ganglia?
cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system (singular ganglion)
94
What are glial cells?
several classes of nonneuronal cells of the nervous system
95
What is the globus pallidus?
a structure of the basal ganglia that is located between the putamen and thalamus
96
What is a golgi stain?
a neural stain that completely darkens a few of the neurons in each slice of tissue, thereby revealing their silhouettes
97
What is grey matter?
portions of the nervous system that are gray because they are composed largely of cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons
98
What are gyri?
the cortical ridges that are located between fissures or sulci
99
What is the hippocampus?
a structure of the medial temporal lobes that plays a role in various forms of memory
100
What are horizontal sections?
any slices of brain tissue cut in a plane that are parallel to the top of the brain
101
What is the hypothalamus?
the diencephalic structure that sits just below the anterior portion of the thalamus
102
What does inferior mean?
toward the bottom of the primate head or brain
103
What is the inferior colliculi?
the structures of the tectum that receive auditory input from the superior olives
104
What are interneurons?
neurons with short axons or no axons at all, whose function is to integrate neural activity within a single brain structure
105
What does ipsilateral mean?
on the same side of the body
106
What does lateral mean?
away from the midline of the body of a vertebrate, toward the body's lateral surfaces
107
What is the lateral fissure?
the large fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe
108
What is the lateral geniculate nuclei?
the six-layered thalamic structures that receive input from the retinas and transmit their output to the primary visual cortex
109
What is the limbic system?
a collection of interconnected nuclei and tracts that ring the thalamus
110
What is the longitudinal fissure?
the large fissure that separates the two cerebral hemispheres
111
What are the mammillary bodies?
the pair of spherical nuclei that are located on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus
112
What is the massa intermedia?
the neural structure located in the third ventricle that connects the two lobes of the thalamus
113
What does medial mean?
toward the midline of the body
114
What is the medial geniculate nuclei?
the auditory thalamic nuclei that receive input from the inferior colliculi and project to primary auditory cortex
115
What are the meniges?
the three protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord (singular meninx)
116
What is the mesencephalon?
one of the five major divisions of the brain; it is composed of the tectum and tegmentum
117
What is the metencephalon?
one of the five major divisions of the brain; it includes the pons and the cerebellum
118
What are microglia?
glial cells that respond to injury or disease by engulfing cellular debris and triggering inflammatory responses
119
What is a multipolar neuron?
a neuron with more than two processes extending from its cell body
120
What is the myelencephalon (medulla)?
the most posterior of the five major divisions of the brain; the medulla
121
What is myelin?
a fatty insulating substance
122
What are myelin sheaths?
coverings on the axons of some neurons that are rich in myelin and increase the speed and efficiency of axonal conduction
123
What is the neocortex?
six-layered cerebral cortex of relatively recent evolution; it constitutes 90 percent of human cerebral cortex
124
What are nerves?
bundles of axons in the peripheral nervous system
125
What are neurons?
cells of the nervous system that are specialized for the reception, conduction and transmission of electrochemical signals
126
What is a Nissl stain?
a neural stain that has affinity for structure in neuron cell bodies
127
What is a nuclei?
clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the central nervous system
128
What is the occipital lobe?
the most posterior of the four cerebral lobes; its function is primarily visual
129
What are oligodendrocytes?
glial cells that myelinate axons of the central nervous system
130
What is the optic chasm?
the X-shaped structure on the inferior surface of the diencephalon; the point where the optic nerves decussate
131
What are parasympathetic nerves?
those autonomic motor nerves that project from the brain to the sacral region of the spinal cord
132
What is periaqueductal gray?
the gray matter around the cerebral aqueduct, which contains opiate receptors and activates a descending analgesia circuit
133
What is the parietal lobe?
one of the four cerebral lobes; it is located just posterior to the central fissure
134
What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
the portion of the nervous system outside the skull and spine
135
What is the pia mater?
the delicate, innermost meninx
136
What is the pituitary gland?
the gland that dangles from, and is controlled by, the hypothalamus
137
What is the pons?
the metencephalic structure that creates a bulge on the ventral surface of the brain stem
138
What is the postcentral gyri?
the gyrus located just posterior to the central fissure; its function is primarily somatosensory
139
What does posterior mean?
toward the tail end of vertebrate or toward the back of the head
140
What is the precentral gyri?
the gyrus located just anterior to the central fissure; its function is primarily motor
141
What does proximal mean?
close to something
142
What is the putamen?
a structure that is joined to the caudate by a series of fiber bridges; together the putamen and caudate compose the striatum
143
What are pyrimidal cells?
large multipolar cortical neurons with a pyramid-shaped cell body, an apical dendrite and a very long axon
144
What is the red nucleus?
a structure of the sensorimotor system that is located in the tegmentum of the mesencephalon
145
What is the reticular formation?
a complex network of about 100 tiny nuclei that occupies the central core of the brain stem
146
What are saggital sections?
any slices of brain tissue cut in a plane that is parallel to the side of the brain
147
What are Schwann cells?
the glial cells that compose the myelin sheaths of PNS axons and promote the regeneration of PNS axons
148
What are sensory relay nuclei?
those nuclei of that thalamus whose main function is to relay sensory signals to the appropriate areas of the cortex
149
What is the septum?
a midline nucleus of the limbic system, located near the anterior tip of the cingulate cortex
150
What is the somatic nervous system (SNS)?
the part of the peripheral nervous system that interacts with the external environment
151
What is subarachnoid space?
the space between the arachnoid membrane, which contains many large blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid
152
What is the substatia negra?
the midbrain nucleus whose neurons project via the nigrostriatal pathway to the striatum of the basal ganglia; it is part of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system
153
What are stellate cells?
small star-shaped cortical interneurons
154
What is the striatum?
a structure of the basal ganglia that is the terminal of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway
155
What are sulci?
small furrows in a convoluted cortex
156
What does superior mean?
toward the top of the primates head
157
What is the superior colliculi?
two of the four nuclei that compose the tectum; they receive major visual input
158
What is the superior temporal gyri?
the large gyrus of the temporal lobe adjacent to the lateral fissure; the location of auditory cortex
159
What are sympathetic nerves?
those motor nerves of the autonomic nervous system that project from the NS in the lumbar and thoracic region areas of the spinal cord
160
What is the tectum?
the "roof" or dorsal surface, of the mesencephalon; it includes the superior and inferior colliculi
161
What is the tegmentum?
the ventral division of the mesencephalon; it includes part of the reticular formation, substantia nigra and red nucleus
162
What is the telencephalon?
the most superior of the brain's five major divisions
163
What is the temporal lobe?
one of the four major cerebral lobes; it lies adjacent to the temples and contains the hippocampus and amygdala
164
What is the thalamus?
the large two-lobed diencephalic structure that constitutes the anterior end of the brain stem; many of its nuclei are sensory relay nuclei that project to the cortex
165
What are tracts?
bundles of axons in the central nervous system
166
What is a unipolar?
a neuron with one process extending from its cell body
167
What does ventral mean?
toward the chest surface of a vertebrate or toward the bottom of the head
168
What are ventral horns?
the two ventral arms of the spinal gray matter
169
What is the ventral posterior nuclei?
a thalamic relay nucleus in both the somatosensory and gustatory systems
170
What is white matter?
portions of the nervous system that are white because they are composed largely of myelinated axons
