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Anatomy - Overview of lower limb Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the 6 regions of the lower limb

A 
Gluteal
Femoral
Knee
Leg
Ankle
Foot
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2
Q

Which is the only region of the lower limb without an anterior region

A

Gluteal

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3
Q

Name the 4 superficial muscles of the gluteal region

A

Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia lata

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4
Q

What are the 3 functions of the superficial muscles of the gluteal region?

A

Extensors
Abductors
and Medial rotators of thigh

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5
Q

What is the innervation of the gluteus maximus

A

Inferior gluteal nerve

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6
Q

Which 3 muscles does the superior gluteal nerve innervate?

A

Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia lata

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7
Q

Name the 4 deep muscles of the gluteal region

A

Piriformis
Obturator internis
(superior + inferior) Gemelli
Quadratus fermoris

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8
Q

What are the 2 functions of the deep muscles of the gluteal region?

A

Lateral rotators of thigh

Hip stabilisers

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9
Q

Which nerves innervate the deep muscles of the gluteal region?

A

Nerves from the sacral plexus

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10
Q

Which foramen does the piriformis muscle run through?

A

Greater sciatic foramen

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11
Q

Name 3 nerves that enter the pelvis via the gluteal region

A

Sciatic
Pudendal
Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh

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12
Q

Which vertebral region does the sciatic nerve arise from?

A

L4, 5

S1, 2, 3

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13
Q

Give the main features of the sciatic nerve

A

Largest in the body
Innervates posterior thigh
+ all leg and foot muscles
+ most skin

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14
Q

Which vertebral region does the pudendal nerve arise from?

A

S2 to S4

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15
Q

Give the main feature of the pudendal nerve

A

It is the principal nerve of the perineum

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16
Q

Which vertebral region does the posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh arise from?

A

S1 to S3

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17
Q

Give the main features of the posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh

A

Innervates skin over posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, lateral perineum and upper medial thigh

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18
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve divide into two? Which nerves does it form?

A

Distal thigh

  • Tibial nerve
  • Common fibular nerve
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19
Q

Which foramen does the sciatic nerve exit from? Near which muscle?
IMPORTANT

A

Most lateral structure exiting GREATER sciatic foramen

INFERIOR to piriformis muscle

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20
Q

What is the superior boundary of the femoral triangle?

A

Inguinal ligament

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21
Q

What is the medial boundary of the femoral triangle?

A

Lateral border of adductor longus

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22
Q

What is the lateral boundary of the femoral triangle?

A

Medial border of sartorius

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23
Q

Which muscles make up the floor of the femoral triangle?

A

Iliopsoas (laterally)

Pectineus (medially)

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24
Q

What makes up the roof of the femoral triangle?

A

Fascia lata

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25
List the 4 contents of the femoral triangle | lateral to medial
``` Femoral: Nerve Artery Vein Lymph nodes ```
26
What are the 3 muscle compartments of the thigh?
Anterior Medial Posterior
27
What are the 3 muscle compartments of the leg?
Anterior Lateral Posterior
28
What are the 2 functions of the muscles of the anterior aspect of the thigh?
Flexors of thigh | Extensors of leg
29
Which 3 muscles of the thigh flex the thigh?
Pectineus iliopsoas Sartorius
30
Which (4) muscles of the thigh extend the leg?
Quadriceps femoris - Rectus femoralis - Vastus lateralis - Vastus intermedius - Vastus medialis
31
Which nerve innervates the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh?
``` Femoral nerve (L2, L3,L4) but psoas major - L1, L2, L3 ```
32
What is the function of muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh?
Adductors of the thigh
33
Name the 5 adductors of the thigh
``` Adductor longus Adductor brevis Adductor magnus Gracilis Obturator externus ```
34
Which nerve innervates the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?
Obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4) but Tibial nerve - hamstring section of adductor magnus
35
Name the 3 muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh
Semitendinosus (superficial) Semimembranosus Biceps femoris (lateral)
36
Which nerve innervates the muscles of the posterior thigh?
``` Tibial nerve (L5, S1, S2) but Common fibular nerve innervates short head of biceps femoris ```
37
What are the ball and socket components of the hip joint?
Ball: head of femur Socket: acetabulum of pelvic bone
38
What increases the depth of the acetabulum?
Acetabular labrum - by about 10%
39
Name the 3 ligaments forming the hip joint capsule
iliofemoral (anteriorly, strongest) Pubofemoral (anteriorly) Ischiofemoral (posterior, weaker)
40
Which ligament runs from the acetabulum to the head of femur?
Ligamentum teres | Contains small/irrelevant artery to the head of femur
41
Where does the small artery to the head of femur arise?
Obturator artery
42
What are the most relevant arteries supplying blood to the head of femur?
Medial and lateral circumflex arteries - aka retinacular arteries - branches of profunda femoris
43
How many articulations are present in the knee?
3 - 2 femerotibial - 1 femeropatellar
44
What is the main movement of the knee?
Flexion-extension | - hinge joint
45
How is the knee joint strengthened?
Presence of ligaments
46
Name 3 of the extracapsular ligaments of the knee
Lateral collateral Medial collateral Patellar ligament
47
Name 2 intra-articular ligaments of the knee
Anterior Cruciate Ligament | Posterior Cruciate Ligament
48
Give 3 features of menisci in the knee joint
Fibrocartilaginous Have medial and lateral parts - lateral more prone to injury
49
What is the other name of the calcaneal tendon?
Achilles tendon
50
Which 2 tendons join to form the achilles tendon?
Gastrocnemius + Soleus tendons
51
What should happen to the foot when the achilles tendon is struck during an ankle jerk reflex test?
Plantarflexion
52
Which ligament of the knee resists valgus forces?
Median collateral ligament
53
Which ligament of the knee resists varus forces?
Lateral collateral ligament
54
Which ligament in the knee prevents anterior translation of the tibia?
ACL | - also prevents internal rotation
55
State 4 functions of the meniscus of the knee
Shock absorbers Increases femero-tibial conformity Stabilises joint when moving Lubrication
56
List 4 factors that contribute to patellar instability
Genu valgum Femoral head anteversion Weak quadriceps Ligamentous laxity
57
Name the 4 muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg
Tibialis anterior Extensor hallucis longus Extensor digitorum longus Peroneus tertius
58
Which nerve innervates muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?
Deep fibular nerve
59
Name the 2 muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg
Fibularis longus | Fibularis brevis
60
Which nerve innervates muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg?
Superficial fibular nerve
61
Name the 7 muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg.
``` Gastrocnemius Soleus Plantaris Tibialis posterior Flexor hallucis longus Flexor digitorum longus Popliteus ```
62
Which 3 muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg are more superficial?
Gastrocnemius Soleus Plantaris
63
Which nerve innervates muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg?
Tibial nerve
64
Name the 2 ligaments of the ankle
``` Deltoid ligament (medially) Lateral ligament complex ```
65
Which 2 bones comprise the hindfoot?
Talus | Calcaneus
66
Which 5 bones comprise the midfoot?
Navicular Cuboid Cuneiforms - medial, intermediate and lateral
67
Which bones make up the forefoot?
Metatarsals | Phalanges
68
Name the 5 different of between the bones of the foot
``` Talocalcaneal/subtalar joint Midtarsal joints - calcaneocuboid - talocalcaneonavicular Tarsometatarsal Metatarsophalangeal (MTPs) Interphalangeal ```
69
Name the 3 arches of the foot
Medial longitudinal arch Lateral longitudinal arch Transverse arch
70
Which 3 muscular structures support the medial longitudinal arch?
Flexor hallucis longus Tibialis anterior Fibularis longus

Musculoskeletal (19 decks)

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