Anatomy Part 2 Flashcards by Christina salvo

What is the function of the urinary system?

To produce urine and eliminate it from the body

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What are the organs of the urinary system?

2 kidneys
2 ureters
1 bladder
1 urethra

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What is the name of the tube leading urine out of the body?

Urethra

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What anchours these organs to surrounding structures and helps maintain normal position?

Connective tissue

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What artery brings blood to the kidneys?

Renal artery

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Reabsorption reoccurs where in the nephron?

Tubules

- Move water, electrolytes, all nutrients from tubules back into blood

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Where is the kidneys work actually done?

In the nephrons

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3 main parts of nephrons:

Glomerulus
Tubule
Bowman’s capsule

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Filtration occurs in what part of the nephron?

glomerulus

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Functions of kidneys:

To produce and secrete urine
Fluid and electrolyte balance
Acid base balance (proper pH)

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What is the most important nitrogenous waste that exits the kidney from protein metabolism?

Urea

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What happens in kidney failure?

Electrolytes aren’t held to their normal concentrations.

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What 3 processes does kidneys go through to form urine? What substances are involved?

Filtration (water, electrolytes, and nutrients)
Reabsorption (water and electrolytes, normally all nutrients)
Secretion (potassium and hydrogen)

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What regulates the volume of urine produced?

Changes in the amount reabsorbed from the distal and collecting tubules

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ADH, is produced by what?

Anti-diuretic hormone

Produced in posterior pituitary
The amount of H2O reabsorbed is determined by ADH and aldosterone

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What is the name of the clump of capillaries?

Glomerulus

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What is the name of the tube/ passageway leading from the kidneys to the bladder?

Ureters

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What is the most common disorder that happens within the kidney?

Kidney stones known as renal calculi

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What happens as urine is secreted?

It drops out of collecting tubules into the ureters and down to the bladder

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What forces urine down to the ureters and into the bladder?

Waves of involuntary muscle contraction

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What forms the wall of the bladder?

Smooth muscle fibres

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How many opening are in the floor of the bladder?

two form ureter
one into urethra
one urethra hole

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Functions of the bladder:

Reservoir for urine before it leave the body

2. Aided by urethra, expels urine from the body

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T/F the female urethra is longer than the males

False, the female urethra is 1- 1/2 inches while the males is approx. 8 inches

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The male urethra has two passageways, what are they for?

Semen | Urine

Urine components/substances:

``` Nitrogenous wastes Electrolytes Toxins Pigments Hormones Various abnormal constituents ```

T/F urine is approximately 95% water

True

Respiratory system (excretory organ, substance excreted)

Excretory organ: lungs | Substance excreted: carbon dioxide, water

Digestive system (excretory organ, substance excreted)

Excretory organ: large intestine | Substance excreted: wastes from digestion, some metabolic wastes

Name 5 functions of the respiratory system and explain:

1. Gas exchanger - Oxygen breathed in, carbon dioxide breathed out 2. Filters - Cleanses, warms, and humidifies air we breathe 3. Influences speech - Sound production 4. Assists in control of body’s acid base balance - Lower carbon dioxide - alkaline - Higher carbon dioxide - acidic 5. Makes sense of smell possible - Olfactory receptors in Nasal mucosa

The respiratory system consists of 3 general parts.

Upper respiratory tract Lower respiratory tract Accessory structures

What are the parts of the upper respiratory tract?

Nose Pharynx Sinuses Larynx

What are the parts of the lower respiratory tract?

Trachea Bonchial tree Lungs

What are the accessory structures of the respiratory tract?

Oral cavity - mouth Rib cage Diaphragm

Name the 3 parts of the pharynx:

Nasal pharynx Oropharynx Laryngeal pharynx

When air is filtered what happens to it?

1. Filtered of impurities 2. Warmed 3. Moistened

Pharynx (throat) functions:

- hallway for respiratory & digestive tracts - role in speech - takes part in eating, breathing & talking

What is the function of the epiglottis?

- Located in the larynx (voice box) | - Protects airway against entrance of solids or liquids during swallowing

T/F muscles change vocal cord length, tension, & regulate shape of larynx intel to change voice.

True

What supplies musus to the nasal cavity?

Sinuses

Where is the larynx located?

Located between pharynx and trachea

Function of bronchi:

Distributes air to lungs interior

What organ has a ciliated membrane lining with hair like projections that traps foreign substances?

Trachea (windpipe)

What accomplishes the lungs vital function of gas exchange between air and blood?

Alveoli

What is the function of the lungs?

- Air distribution to the alveoli | - Gas exchanger - between blood and alveoli

Name the single layer for gas exchange:

Alveoli sacs

What is the region between the lungs?

Mediastinum

Each lung is covered by a continuous double sac known as the _____?

Pleura

What are the 3 functions of the digestive system?

- Mastication - Absorption - Elimination

Segments of the GI tract:

- mouth - oropharynx - esophagus - stomach - small intestine - large intestine

What are the 2 ways food is altered?

Mechanically | Chemically

What provides the most absorption?

Jejunum

Name the parts of the small intestine:

- Duodenum - Jejunum - Ileum

Name the parts of the large intestine:

- Cecum - Colon - Rectum

What regulates flow into the bottom of the large intestine?

Ileocecal valve

Esophagus extend from the _____ to ____.

Pharynx to stomach

Function of liver:

- Secretes bile - filters blood - detoxifies (alcohol, marijuana, food)

How many salivary glands are there?

3 pairs 1) parotid gland 2) sublingual gland 3) submandibular gland

Which intestine is the main organ for reabsorption of water and elimination?

Large intestine

The pancreas acts as a dual function, for what?

Acts as an endocrine and exocrine gland

What is the largest organ and gland in the body?

The liver

Which intestine is the main organ of digestion and Absorption?

Small intestine

What is formed when gastric juices mix with food?

Chyme

What lines the small intestine?

Villi, surrounded by microvilli

What is the function of the large intestine?

Reabsorption of water and elimination of undigested waste

What is the function of the gallbladder?

Stores bile, then contracts and ejects it into the duodenum

What protein is necessary for life?

Enzymes

What makes the common bile duct?

Hepatic or cystic ducts

Sphincter muscles of stomach:

Cardiac sphincter | Pyloric sphincter

Accessory organs of digestion:

- Salivary glands - Tongue - Teeth - Liver - Gallbladder - Pancreas - Appendix

Where is the stomach located?

Just below the diaphragm

Mixture of food and saliva:

Bolus