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Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Anatomy

A

The science of the structure of the body and the relation of its parts

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2
Q

Physiology

A

The science of how the body functions

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3
Q

Prokaryote

A

Cell lacks true membrane bound nucleus and organelles

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4
Q

What type of cell are all bacteria?

A

Prokaryote

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5
Q

Eukaryote

A

Has membrane bound nucleus and organelles

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6
Q

Three major components to eukaryotes

A

Cell membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

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7
Q

What are cell membranes composed of

A

Double layer phospholipids
Proteins
Carbohydrate chains
Cholesterol

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8
Q

Components of ribosomes

A

Proteins

RNA

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9
Q

Ribosome function

A

Protein synthesis

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10
Q

What types of cells have large numbers of mitochondria

A

Cells that require high levels of energy

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11
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum function

A

Protein transport

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12
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum function

A 
Cholesterol synthesis
Steroid hormone synthesis
Lipid synthesis
Drug detoxification
Glycogen breakdown
Fat transport
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13
Q

Where are large amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Liver cells
Intestinal cells
Testes

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14
Q

Golgi Complex Function

A

Receiving, packaging, distribution
Modify & synthesize carbohydrate portion of glycoproteins
Export substances from endoplasmic reticulum to cytoplasm
Lysosome production

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15
Q

Lysosome functions

A

Digestive enzymes for intracellular bacteria

Breakdown nonfunctional organelles

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16
Q

Where are large numbers of lysosomes found

A

Phagocytic cells

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17
Q

What are peroxisomes

A

Membrane bound organelles that contain strong oxidase and catalase enzymes

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18
Q

Peroxisome functions

A

Detoxify alcohol & formaldehyde

Convert free radicals into peroxide

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19
Q

Where are large numbers of peroxisomes found

A

Liver cells

Kidney cells

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20
Q

Function of cytoskeleton

A

Form / structure
Support
Enables movement

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21
Q

Centrioles

A

Base of cilia and flagella

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22
Q

Solute

A

Substance that can be dissolved

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23
Q

Solvent

A

Substance that does the dissolving

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24
Q

Solution

A

Uniform mixture of solute and solvent

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25
Intercellular
Between cells / interstitial
26
Types of passive transport
Diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis Filtration
27
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
28
Example of diffusion
Oxygen / CO2 exchange
29
Facilitated Diffusion
Diffusion with the aid of a carrier protein
30
Example of facilitated diffusion
Glucose entering cells
31
Osmosis
Movement of water from area of low solute concentration to area of high solute concentration
32
Osmotic Pressure
Amount of pressure needed to stop flow of water across a membrane
33
Filtration
Small solutes being forced through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure
34
What kind of passive transport is used in the kidneys
Filtration
35
Types of active transport
Endocytosis Exocytosis Active transport
36
Endocytosis
Materials being taken into a cell
37
Types of Endocytosis
Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Receptor-mediated
38
Phagocytosis
Cell eating | Cell membrane extends around solid particles
39
What types of cells perform phagocytosis
Some WBC | Macrophages
40
Pinocytosis
Cell drinking | Cell membrane extends around fluid droplets
41
What cells perform pinocytosis
Absorptive cells in the small intestine
42
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Specialized membrane receptors bind to substances entering the cell
43
What types of substances enter the cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis
``` Enzymes Insulin Hormones Iron Cholesterol ```
44
Exocytosis
Materials expelled by the cell
45
What types of substances utilize exocytosis
Hormones Neurotransmitters Waste materials / mucus
46
Active Transport
Movement of molecules from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration with the aid of carrier proteins
47
What types of substances use active transport
Sodium potassium pump Ions Amino acids
48
Hypotonic
Extracellular fluid less concentrated than intracellular fluid
49
What happens to RBC in hypotonic solutions?
Gain water & burst | Hemolysis
50
Hypertonic
Extracellular fluid is more concentrated than intracellular fluid
51
What happens to RBC in hypertonic fluid?
Lose water and shrivel / crenate
52
Isotonic
Concentrations of extracellular and intracellular fluids are equal
53
Tissue
Groups of similar cells with related functions
54
Histology / Microanatomy
Study of tissues
55
Four primary types of tissue
Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous
56
Subtypes of epithelial tissue (6)
``` Squamous Cell Cuboidal Columnar Pseudostratified columnar Transitional Glandular ```
57
Squamous Epithelium characteristics
Flat, thin, plate-like cells
58
Where are simple squamous epithelial cells found
Lines blood vessels Alveoli of lungs Thoracic cavity Abdominal cavity
59
Where are stratified squamous epithelial cells found
``` Areas of wear Mouth Esophagus Vagina Rectum Epidermis (keritinized) ```
60
Cuboidal Epithelium characteristics
Cube-shaped cells
61
Where are simple cuboidal epithelial cells found
Glands Ducts Surface of ovary Kidney tubules
62
Where are stratified cuboidal epithelial cells found
Fairly rare Lines sweat ducts Salivary glands Mammary glands
63
Columnar Epithelium characteristics
Tall, rectangular cells
64
Where are simple columnar epithelial cells found
Lines digestive tract Bronchi Uterine tubes Uterus
65
Where are stratified columnar epithelial cells found
Relatively rare Mammary ducts Portions of male urethra
66
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium characteristics
Appear to be more than one layer but all cells contact basal membrane Usually ciliated Associated with goblet cells
67
Where are pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells found
Respiratory tract
68
Transitional epithelium characteristics
Resemble cuboidal & squamous shaves
69
Where are transitional epithelial cells found
Areas needing great distension Urinary bladder Ureters Part of urethra
70
Glandular epithelium characteristics
Specialized to secrete
71
Where are glandular epithelial cells found
Ducts
72
Endocrine Glands
Ductless | Secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
73
Exocrine Glands
Have ducts and secrete onto an epithelial surface
74
Elements of connective tissue (3)
Cells Fibers Matrix
75
Functions of connective tissue
``` Connects stuff Structural support Protection Insulation Transports fluids Stores energy ```
76
Types of fibers / connective tissue fibers (3)
Collagen fibers Elastic fibers Reticular fibers
77
Collagen fibers
Long, straight, very strong White Composed of collagen
78
Elastic Fibers
Long, thin, branching, stretchable | Yellow fibers composed of elastin
79
Reticular Fibers
Collagen fibers in a complex network
80
Loose Connective Tissue Types
Areolar Adipose Reticular
81
Areolar tissue
Most widely distributed Supports organs Protection & flexibility
82
What types of cells are made of areolar tissue
Fibroblasts Macrophages Mast cells WBC
83
Adipose Tissue
Insulation Cushioning Protection Reserve energy
84
What types of cells make up adipose tissue
Adipocytes
85
Reticular tissue
Supportive
86
Where is reticular tissue found
Spleen Liver Lymph nodes Bone marrow
87
What is reticular tissue made up of
Reticular fibers macrophages fibroblasts
88
Dense connective tissue types
Regular Irregular Elastic
89
Regular connective tissue examples
Tendons Ligaments Aponeuroses
90
What makes up regular connective tissue
Collagen fibers arranged in a parallel pattern | Fibroblasts provide strong attachments
91
Tendons
Connect bone to muscle
92
Ligament
Connect bone to bone
93
Aponeuroses
Connect muscle to muscle
94
Irregular connective tissue
Provide strength and support to areas experiencing force from all directions
95
Examples of irregular connective tissue
Dermis Organ capsules Joint capsules
96
Make up of irregular connective tissue
Collagen fibers arranged in an irregular pattern, elastic fibers, fibroblasts
97
Elastic Connective tissues
Ligaments that have a higher elastic fiber content than collagen content
98
Elastic connective tissue example
Equine nuchal ligament
99
Specialized cartilage types
Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage
100
Hyaline cartilage make up
Collagen fibers and chondrocytes
101
Examples of hyaline cartilage
``` Nose Trachea Larynx Embryonic skeleton Costal cartilage Articular cartilage ```
102
Elastic cartilage
Provides shape and great flexibility
103
Examples of elastic cartilage
Pinna Auditory canal Epiglottis Elastic fibers
104
Fibrocartilage
Provides strong support
105
Examples of fibrocartilage
``` Intervertebral discs Pubic symphysis Disc in stifle Thick collagen fibers Chondrocytes ```
106
Types of membranes (3)
Mucous membranes Serous membranes Cutaneous membranes
107
Serous membranes
Line body cavities but do not connect the to the exterior world
108
Serous membrane characteristics
Simple squamous epithelium connected to loose connective tissue
109
Function of serous membranes
Reduce friction
110
Cutaneous membrane
Membrane exposed to the outside world
111
Characteristics of cutaneous membrane
Keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium | Attached to a layer of dense irregular connective tissue
112
Function of bones
``` Support soft tissues Protect vital organs Lever for muscle attachment Mineral storage Blood production ```
113
Types of bone (2)
Compact | Spongy
114
Compact bone
Provides strength and support Very few spaces Appears solid
115
Components to haversian system
Central haversian canal Canaliculi Lamellae Lacunae
116
Central haversian canal
Houses blood vessels & nerves
117
Canaliculi
Very small canals in bone that radiate out and connect all lacunae to each other and haversian canal
118
Lamellae
Concentric rings of bone
119
Lacunae
Small spaces that house osteocytes / mature bone cells
120
Spongy bone
Large spaces of lattice-like bone / trabeculae filled with marrow
121
Diploe
Spongy bone of the skull
122
Appendicular skeleton
All bones in the limbs
123
Types of bone cells (3)
Osteoblast Osteoclast Osteocyte
124
Osteoblast
Immature bone cell | Produces bone matrix / osteoid
125
Osteocyte
Mature bone cell
126
Osteoclast
Very large, multinucleated cells that breakdown bone matrix
127
Classifications of bones (6)
``` Long bones Short bones Flat bones Pneumatic bones Irregular bones Sesamoid bones ```
128
Long bones
Diaphysis containing a marrow cavity with two epiphyses | Main supporting bones of the body
129
Articular cartilage
Hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of bones
130
Periosteum
Fibrous membrane that covers the outside of bones | Rich in blood, nerves, lymph vessels
131
Endosteum
Lines marrow cavity
132
Epiphyseal Cartilage
AKA growth plate | Region between epiphysis and diaphysis
133
Short bones
Two thin layers of compact bone with spongy bone between
134
Function of short bones
Shock absorption
135
Examples of short bones
Tarsus | Carpus
136
Flat bones
Two layers of compact bone with spongy bone between
137
Function of flat bones
Protection
138
Examples of flat bones
Pelvis Scapula Ribs Many skull bones
139
Pneumatic bones
Contain sinuses | Play role in respiration in birds
140
Irregular bones
Unpaired bones with complicated shapes
141
Examples of irregular bones
Vertebra | Some skull bones
142
Sesamoid bones
Small short bones attached to tendons found near freely moving joints
143
Function of sesamoid bones
Reduce friction along a joint
144
Types of osteogenesis
Endochondral | Intramembranous
145
Endochondral osteogenesis
Formed from cartilage bars laid down in the embryo
146
What bones are formed via endochondral osteogenesis
Most bones
147
Intramembranous osteogenesis
Bones formed from fibrous membranes laid down in the embryo
148
What bones are formed via intramembranous osteogenesis
Most flat bones
149
Dog / Cat vertebral formula
C7, T13, L7, S3, C6-23
150
Horse vertebral formula
C7, T18, L6, S5, C15-20
151
Cattle vertebral formula
C7, T13, L6, S5, C18-20
152
Pig vertebral formula
C7, T14-15, L6-7, S4, C20-23
153
Sheep vertebral formula
C7, T13, L6-7, S4, C16-18
154
Joint / Articulation
When two or more bones are united by fibrous, elastic or cartilaginous tissue
155
Classifications of joints by function (3)
Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Diarthrosis
156
Synarthrosis
Immovable joint
157
Amphiarthrosis
Slightly moveable joint
158
Diarthrosis
Freely moveable joint
159
Types of synovial joints (6)
``` Ball & Socket / spheroid Arthrodial / condyloid Trochoid / pivot Hinge / ginglymus Gliding Saddle ```
160
Examples of ball and socket / spheroid joint
Hip | Shoulder
161
Examples of arthrodial / condyloid joint
Radiocarpal joints
162
Example of trochoid / pivot joint
Atlantoaxial joint
163
Example of hinge / ginglymus joint
Stifle | Elbow
164
Example of gliding joint
Radioulnar joint | Intervertebral joints
165
Example of saddle joint
In primates only | Carpometacarpal joint
166
Flexor
Decreases angle of a joint
167
Extensor
Increases the angle of a joint
168
Abductor
Moves bone away from midline
169
Adductor
Moves bone toward midline
170
Levator
Produces dorsally directed movement
171
Depressor
Produces ventrally directed movement
172
Sphincter
Decreases size of an opening
173
Parts of the brain (4)
Cerebrum Diencephalon Brainstem Cerebellum
174
Cerebrum
Site of motor control, interpretation of sensory impulses and areas of association
175
Longitudinal fissure
Prominent groove dividing right and left hemispheres of the brain
176
Lobes of the cerebrum (4)
Frontal Occipital Temporal Parietal
177
Parts of the brainstem (3)
Pons Midbrain Medulla oblongata
178
Midbrain
Connection between forebrain / cerebrum and hindbrain
179
Pons
Contains respiratory centers
180
Medulla oblongata
Where nerve fibers cross
181
What physiologic processes does the medulla influence
``` Respiratory rate Heart rate Vomiting Coughing Sneezing ```
182
Reticular Activating System
Responsible for sleep-wake cycles
183
Afferent
Nerve impulses from periphery to the brain / sensory nerves
184
Efferent
Nerve impulses from the vein to the periphery / motor nerves
185
Parts of meninges (5)
``` Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater Epidural space Subarachnoid space ```
186
Dura mater
Outer layer of brain composed of dense, fibrous connective tissue
187
Arachnoid mater
Middle layer of the brain consisting of delicate and elastic connective tissue
188
Pia mater
Transparent | Connective tissue containing tiny blood vessels that adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord
189
Epidural space
Between the bone and dura mater | Loos connective tissue, blood vessels and fat
190
Subarachnoid space
Contains cerebrospinal fluid and large blood vessels
191
Function of cerebrospinal fluid
Cushion and nourish brain
192
Blood brain barrier
Protects brain from fluctuations in chemical levels
193
Peripheral nervous system divisions
Afferent | Efferent
194
Sympathetic nervous system
Fight or flight response
195
Parasympathetic nervous system
Returns body back to normal
196
What does the sympathetic nervous system release
Adrenergic neurotransmitter / norepinephrine
197
What does the parasympathetic nervous system release?
Cholinergic neurotransmitter / acetylcholine
198
Saltatory conduction
Transmission of a nerve impulse across a myelinated neuron
199
Neuroglial cells / Glial cells
Connective tissue cells that do not transmit impulses
200
Types of glial cells in CNS (4)
Astrocytes Oligodendrocyte Microglia Ependymal
201
Astrocyte
Starshaped and most abundant, support nervous tissue and stimulate formation of blood brain barrier
202
Oligodendrocyte
Small cells that wrap around axons to form myelin sheath
203
Microglia
Phagocytic cells
204
Ependymal
Ciliated to help circulation of cerebrospinal fluid
205
Glial cells in PNS (2)
Schwann cells | Satellite cells
206
Swchwann Cells
Wrap around axons to form myelin in PNS | Comparable to oligodendrocytes
207
Satellite Cells
Surround cell bodies, function is unknown
208
Protective layers of the heart (2)
Pericardium | Endocardium
209
Pericardium
Double walled membranous sac covering the myocardium
210
Layers of the pericardium (2)
Fibrous pericardium | Serous pericardium
211
Layers to the serous pericardium
Parietal layer | Visceral layer
212
Endocardium
Serous membrane lining the inner chambers of the heart
213
Heart rate of dogs
60-160
214
Cat HR
140-220
215
Horse HR
28-50
216
Cow HR
40-80
217
Pig HR
70-120
218
Llama HR
60-90
219
Mouse HR
450-750
220
What does the P wave represent
Electrical events during atrial systole / depolarization
221
What does the QRS complex represent
Ventricle systole / depolarization
222
What does the T wave represent
Ventricular diastole / repolarization
223
Arteries
Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, except pulmonary artery
224
Arterioles
Lead to and regulate blood flow to capillaries
225
Veins
Larger than arteries with thinner walls and valves to prevent backflow Carry blood to heart
226
5 basic processes of GI to prepare food for utilization
``` Food ingestion Mechanical and chemical digestion Peristalsis Absorption Defecation ```
227
Layers of the GI wall (4)
Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis externa Serosa
228
GI Mucosa layers (3)
Epithelium Lamina propria Muscularis mucosae
229
Larynx
Common passageway for digestive and respiratory systems
230
Regions of the stomach (4)
Esophageal Cardiac Fundic Pyloric
231
Esophageal region of stomach
Nonglandular region
232
Cardiac region of stomach
Produces mucus
233
Fundic region of stomach
True body of the stomach, contains gastric glands
234
Gastric glands in the fundic region of the stomach (4)
Mucous neck cells Chief cells Parietal cells Endocrine cells
235
What do mucous neck cells secrete
Mucus
236
What do chief cells produce
Pepsinogen
237
What do parietal cells produce
Hydrochloric acid
238
What do endocrine cells produce
Gastrin
239
Pyloric region of stomach
Produces mucus
240
Compartments to rumen stomach
Rumen Reticulum Omasum Abomasum
241
Rumen
Largest portion | Fermentation
242
Reticulum
'Hardware compartment' Most cranial portion, not separate from rumen Honeycomb Passageway for food, paces contractions of rumen Usually where foreign bodies are found
243
Omasum
Grinds up food Absorbs water & bicarbonate Many layers of laminae
244
Abomasum
'True stomach' | Site of chemical digestion
245
Regions of small intestine (3)
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
246
What structures increase surface area of small intestine
Microvilli Circular folds Intestinal villi
247
Digestive enzymes (3)
Lipase Amylase Lipase
248
Portions of the large intestine
Cecum | Colon
249
Function of large intestine
Water absorption Vitamin B & K production Propel digesta towards rectum
250
What vitamins are produced in the large intestine
B | K
251
What does the pancreas produce in the digestive process
Sodium bicarbonate
252
Roll of sodium bicarbonate during digestion
Neutralizes acidic chyme and digestive enzymes in the duodenum
253
Trypsin
Digests proteins
254
Lipase
Digest fat
255
Amylase
Digests starch
256
Function of liver in digestion
Produce bile
257
Roll of bile in digestion
Emulsifies fat
258
Toll of gallbladder in digestive system
Stores and releases bile when fat is present
259
What animals do not have a gallbladder
Rats | Horses
260
What substance controls release of bile
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
261
Pancreatic Enzymes (7)
``` Pancreatic amylase Trypsin Chymotrypsin Elastase Peptidase Lipase Nuclease ```
262
Pancreatic amylase
Act on starch
263
Chymotrypsin
Acts on proteins
264
Elastase
Acts on elastin
265
Peptidases
Act on large peptides / proteins
266
Nucleases
Act on nucleic acids
267
Small intestine enzymes (5)
``` Trypsin Maltase Sucrase Lactase Nuclease ```
268
Functions of lymph system (4)
Absorb protein containing fluid from capillaries and returns to venous system Transport fat from digestive tract to blood Produce lymphocytes Develop immunity
269
Lymph organs (4)
Spleen Tonsils Thymus Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)
270
Spleen as lymph tissue
Largest mass of lymph tissue Phagocytic Lymphocyte production Storage & release of blood
271
Tonsils as lymph tissue
Embedded in mucous membrrane | Supplied with reticuloendothelial cells
272
Thymus location
Cranial chest, between trachea & ribs
273
What is the thymus responsible for
Developing immune response in young
274
What happens to the thymus as a patient ages
Turns to fat
275
Mucosa associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)
Found in mucosal lining throughout the body
276
Parts of the respiratory system (8)
``` Nostrils / nares Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchiole Lungs ```
277
3 step process to respiration
Ventilation External respiration Internal respiration
278
Ventilation
Movement of air between atmosphere and lungs
279
External respiration
Exchange of gases between alveoli and blood
280
Internal respiraton
Exchange of gases between blood and cells
281
Physiologic process to inhalation
Nervous impulse from brain Diaphragm & external intercostal muscles contract Decrease of intrathoracic pressure
282
Physiologic process to exhalation
Diaphragm & external intercostal muscles relax Increase of intrathoracic pressure Passive process
283
Tidal volume
Volume of air exchanged during normal breathing
284
Inspiratory reserve volume
Amount of air inspired over the tidal volume
285
Expiratory reserve volume
Amount of air expired over the tidal volume
286
Residual volume
Air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration
287
Dead space (respiratory)
Air in the pathways of the respiratory system
288
Dog RR
16-32
289
Cat RR
20-42
290
Horse RR
8-16
291
Cow RR
12-36
292
Pig RR
32-58
293
Sheep RR
32-58
294
Llama RR
12-30
295
Mouse RR
80-230
296
Hering-Breuer reflex
Stretch receptors in the lungs that prevent lungs from overinflating
297
Factors affecting respiration rate
``` Carbon dioxide pH Pain Cold Blood pressure Oxygen Stress ```
298
Pneumothorax
Air in the thoracic cavity
299
Atelectasis
Collapsed lungs
300
Pleuritis / Pleurisy
Inflammation of the pleural membranes
301
Pneumonia
Inflammation of the lungs caused by bacteria, virus or chemical irritant
302
Eupnea
Normal, quiet respiration
303
Dyspnea
Difficult breathing
304
Apnea
No breathing
305
Components of outer cortex of the kidney (4)
Glomerulus Bowman capsule Proximal convoluted tubules Distal convoluted tubules
306
3 phases to urine production
Filtration Reabsorption Secretion
307
Antidiuretic Hormone
Vasopressin | Increases reabsorption of water in kidney
308
Aldosterone
Stimulates sodium reabsorption in kidney
309
Where is sperm produced
Seminiferous tubules
310
Where is testosterone produced
Interstitial cells of Leydig
311
Where is sperm matured and stored
Seminiferous tubules
312
Histologic layers of female reproductive tract (3)
Endometrium Myometrium Perimetrium
313
Monestrous
One estrus cycle per year | Seasonal breeders
314
Diestrous
Cycle in spring and fall
315
Polyestrous
More than 1 cycle per year
316
Seasonally polyestrous
Cycle continuously in specific seasons
317
Reflex / Induced Ovulation
Ovulation occurs only after breeding / stimulation
318
Spontaneous Ovulation
Ovulation occurs regardless of breeding
319
Stages of estrous cycle (5)
``` Proestrus Estrus Metestrus Diestrus Anestrus ```
320
Proestrus
Preparation & attraction | Follicular growth
321
Estrus
'Standing heat' | Luteinizing hormone produces ovulation
322
Metestrus
Postovulatory phase CL forms in place of ruptured follicle Progesterone production
323
Diestrus
CL degeneration if no pregnancy | CL continues if pregnant
324
Anestrus
Long period of inactivity in seasonally polyestrus animals
325
Fetal membranes (3)
Amnion Allantois Chorion
326
Amnion
Fluid filled sac closes to fetus, filled with amniotic fluid
327
Allantois
Two-layered membrane, one layer adheres to amnion, other layer adheres to chorion
328
Chorion
Outermost layer of fetal membrane, attaches to endometrium
329
Cat & Dog gestation
63 days
330
Horse gestation
336 days
331
Cow gestation
285 days
332
Pig gestation
114 days
333
Sheep gestation
147 days
334
Goat gestation
150 days
335
Contents of collostrum
Antibodies Proteins Vitamins
336
Roll of prolactin
Milk production
337
Where is prolactin produced
Pituitary
338
What influences milk letdown
Oxytocin
339
Where is oxytocin produced
Hypothalamus
340
Where is oxytocin released from
Pituitary gland
341
How is hormone secretion most commonly regulated
Negative feedback
342
What controls the adrenal medulla secretory function
Neural control
343
Thyroxin action
Accelerates metabolism
344
Calcitonin action
Regulates calcium levels
345
Parathormone action
Regulates calcium and phosphorus levels
346
Layers of the skin
Epidermis Dermis / Corium Hypodermis
347
Sclera
Outermost fibrous layer of the eye | White of the eye
348
Uvea
Middle vascular layer of the eye | Consists of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid
349
Tapetum lucidum
In most domestic animals | Highly reflective
350
Ciliary body (eye)
Supports lens, major site for production of aqueous humor
351
Choroid
Vascular coat between sclera and retina
352
Retina
Outermost layer of the eye, light sensitive, houses photoreceptors
353
Vitreous humor
Clear gel occupying space between lens and retina
354
Lens
Focuses light on retina
355
Aqueous humor
Clear watery fluid filling anterior and posterior chambers between the lens and cornea
356
Cornea
Transparent covering on the eye
357
Three regions of the ear
Outer ear Middle ear Inner ear
358
Outer ear
Pinna up to and including tympanic membrane
359
Middle ear
Houses ossicles, communicates with nasopharynx
360
Ossicles (3)
Malleus / hammer Incus / anvil Stapes / stirrup
361
Inner ear
Fluid filled | Houses cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals
362
Cochlea
Houses hearing receptors / organ of Corti
363
Nerve Deafness
Malfunction of receptors or auditory nerve
364
Transmission Deafness
Malfunction in transmission of soundwaves from outer ear to inner ear

VTNE Review (4 decks)

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