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VTNE Review > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

(121 cards)

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1
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

What the body does to drugs or how the drug moves within the body

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2
Q

Therapeutic Index

A

Relationship between a drug’s ability to achieve the desired effect compared to its tendency to produce toxic effects

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3
Q

How is the therapeutic index expressed

A

Ratio between lethal dose (LD50) and dose that is effective (ED50)

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4
Q

What does a high therapeutic index indicate

A

The drug is safer with higher therapeutic index

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5
Q

Bioavailability

A

The percentage of the drug that is administered and reaches systemic circulation

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6
Q

First Pass Effect

A

Orally administered drugs travel to the liver before reaching systemic circulation and may be removed before they are able to take affect

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7
Q

Metabolite

A

Left over components of a drug after chemical structure has been changed

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8
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

What the drug does to the body and how it works

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9
Q

Peak Plasma Level

A

Maximum concentration reached in the body

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10
Q

At what point is the elimination rate equal to the absorption rate

A

Peak plasma level

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11
Q

How is frequency of dosing determined

A

Peak plasma level, want to keep plasma drug concentration at effective level

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12
Q

-cidal

A

Kill organisms

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13
Q

-static

A

Prevent organism’s replication

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14
Q

Antimicrobial

A

Kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms

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15
Q

Classifications of antimicrobials

A 
Aminoglycosides
Carbapenems
Cephalosporins
Lincosamides / Macrolides
Penicillins
Quinolones
Tetracyclines
Sulfonamides
Antifungals
Antivirals
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16
Q

Mechanisms of action for antimicrobials (5)

A

Disruption of development of cell wall
Damaging cell membrane in static or adult populations
Interference with microbial protein synthesis
Inhibition of nucleic acid production
Disruption of microbial metabolic activity

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17
Q

Mechanism of action for penicillins

A

Disrupt formation of cell wall and bacteriostatic

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18
Q

Mechanism of action for polymixins

A

Damage cell membrane in adult populations / changes permeability

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19
Q

Mechanism of action for aminoglycocides

A

Interfere with protein synthesis and bactericidal

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20
Q

Mechanism of action for tetracyclines, lincosamides, chloramphenicol and macrolides

A

Interfere with protein synthesis and bacteriostatic

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21
Q

Mechanism of action of antifungals

A

Inhibit RNA and/or DNA synthesis

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22
Q

Mechanism of action for sulfa drugs

A

Disrupt metabolic activity / replication

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23
Q

Categories of analgesic & anti-inflammatory drugs (4)

A

Opiods
NSAIDS
Local Anesthetics
Alpha-2 agonists

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24
Q

What are the most commonly used analgesic drug in vet med

A

Opioids

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25
Mechanism of action for opioids
Block transduction of the pain impulse in peripheral tissues and dampen modulation and perception
26
Types of opioid receptors
Mu Kappa Delta
27
Pure agonist opioids
Stimulate all opioid receptors
28
Examples of pure agonist opioids
``` Morphine Meperidine Hydromorphone Oxymorphone Methadone Fentanyl Sufentanil Afentanil ```
29
Partial agonist opioids
Bind to an opioid receptor, less effective than pure agonists
30
Examples of partial agonist opioids
Buprenorphine
31
Agonist and Antagonist opioids
Block one type of receptor while stimulating another
32
Examples of agonist & antagonist opioids
Butorphanol | Nalbuphine
33
Pure antagonist opioids
Attach to opioid receptors, but do not activate them
34
Examples of pure antagonist opioids
Naloxone | Nalmefene
35
What type of drugs are reversal agents for opiods
Pure antagonist opioids
36
Mechanism of action of NSAIDs
Block prostaglandin formation by inhibiting COX enzymes
37
Why do cats not metabolize NSAIDs efficiently
Deficiency in glucuronyl transferase enzymes
38
How do local anesthetics work
Completely block transmission of nociceptive stimulation, preventing signal from reaching CNS
39
Mechanism of action of local anesthetics
Bind to receptors in sodium channel and prevent depolarization
40
Primary action of alpha-2 agonist
Sedation
41
What type of drug provide sedation with some analgesic properties
Alpha-2 agonists
42
What type of drug works at all 4 stages of the pain pathway
Alpha-2 agonists
43
4 Steps in pain pathway
Transduction Transmission Modulation Perception
44
Effect of blocking NMDA receptor activity
Significantly reduces pain wind up / hypersensitivity
45
Drug classes effecting CNS
Anticholinergic Neuromuscular blocking agents Adrenergic Agents
46
Anticholinergics
Block action of acetylecholine at muscarinic receptors
47
Examples of anticholinergics
Atropine | Glycopyrrolate
48
What is used to treat sinus bradycardia, atrioventricular block and sinus arrest
Atropine | Glycopyrrolate
49
Side effect of anticholinergics in cats & ruminants
Thickened mucus secretions
50
What anticholinergic is ineffective in rabbits
Atropine
51
Why is atropine ineffective in rabbits
High levels of atropinesterase - breaks down atropine before it can take effect
52
What muscle types do neuromuscular blocking agents have no effect on?
Smooth | Cardiac
53
Types of neuromuscular blocking agents
Depolarizing agents | Nondepolarizing agents
54
Mechanism of action for neuromuscular blocking agents
Act on neuromuscular junction and prevent normal transmission of impulses
55
Depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents
Bind to acetylcholine receptors and cause sustained and persistent depolarization of muscle membrane
56
Examples of depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents
Succinylcholine
57
What type of neuromuscular blocking agents can NOT be reversed
Depolarizing / succinylcholine
58
Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents
Bind to acetylcholine receptors and prevent depolarization from occurring
59
Examples of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents
``` Atracurium Rocuronium Vercuronium Pancuronium Mivacurium Cisatracurim ```
60
What type of neuromuscular blocking agents can be reversed
Nondepolarizing
61
Adrenergic agents
Mimic effects of sympathetic nervous system
62
Types of adrenergic agents
Sympathomimetic agents | Sympatholytic agents
63
Sympathomimetic Agent
Mimic effects of sympathetic nervous system
64
Sympatholytic agents
Block action of sympathetic nervous system
65
Cardiovascular drugs
Affect the heart & blood vessels
66
Types of cardiovascular drugs
``` Antiarrhythmics Diuretics Positive ionotropes Vasodilators Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors ```
67
Mechanism of action for antiarrhythmics
Restore normal impulse conduction by blocking movement of Na, Ca or K and antagonizing beta-adrenergic receptors
68
Class I antiarrythmics
Na channel blockers
69
What are class I antiarrythmics used to treat
Supraventricular arrhythmias
70
Class II antiarrythmics
Beta antagonists / blockers used to slow conduction velocity through AV node
71
Class III antiarrythmics
K channel blockers used to raise ventricular fibrillation threshold and suppress fatal ventricular arrhythmias
72
Class IV antiarrythmics
Ca channel blockers used to slow conduction through SA node and prolong AV node refractory period
73
Diuretics
Reduce edema and effusion associated with chronic heart failure
74
Mechanism of action for diuretics
Create osmotic force in renal tubules that draw water in and promote urine excretion
75
Diuretics examples
Furosemide Chlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide Spironolactone
76
Loop diuretic example
Furosemide
77
Thiazide diuretic examples
Chlorothiazide | Hydrochlorothiazide
78
Potassium sparing diuretic example
Spironolactone
79
Positive inotrope
Increase myocardial contractility / strength of heart contractions
80
Examples of positive inotropes
``` Digoxin Epinephrine Dopamine Dobutamine Phosphodiesterase III inhibitors Pimobendan ```
81
What drug is used to treat congestive heart failure and supraventricular tachyarrhythmias
Digoxin
82
What drugs are used to increase myocardial contractility for short periods of time
Dobutamine Dopamine Epinephrine
83
ACE Inhibitors
Produce balanced vasodilation and help modulate renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
84
Hematinics
Substances that promote an increase in the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
85
Blood substitute examples
Oxyglobin
86
Respiratory drug classes
Antitussives Expectorants Mucolytics Bronchodilators
87
Antitussives
Cough suppressants for unproductive coughs
88
Examples of antitussives
Dextromethorpan Codeine phosphate Hydrocodone tartrate Butorphanol
89
Expectorants
Increase volume or fluidity of respiratory secretions
90
Example of expectorants
Guaifenesin
91
Mucolytics
Reduce viscosity of purulent and nonpurulent secretions
92
Example of mucolytic
N-acetylcysteine
93
Bronchodilators
Reduce bronchospasms by expanding bronchioles in the lungs
94
Examples of bronchodilators
Terbutaline Albuterol Theophylline Aminophylline
95
When is it appropriate to use emetics
When non caustic poisons are ingested
96
Hyperosmotic agents
Draw water into the bowels to help soften stool
97
Examples of hyperosmotic agents
Lactulose | Polyethylene glycol 3350
98
Bulk producing agents
Increase water content of stool to stimulate peristalsis of the GI tract
99
Example of bulk producing agent
Fiber
100
What type of gastroprotectants reduce gastric acid production and / or secretions
Histaminergic antagonists | Proton pump inhibitors
101
Synthetic prostaglandins
Stimulate mucus and bicarbonate production and enhance blood flow throughout the GI lining
102
Cytoprotective agents
Form protective coating over ulcerated tissue to foster healing
103
Prokinetic agents
Increase gastric motility
104
What are prokinetic agents used for
Conditions associated with gastric hypomotility, gastroesophageal reflux and decreased colonic motility
105
What hormones are used to induce estrous in mares
Estrogens
106
What hormones are used to treat vaginitis and urinary incontinence in dogs
Estrogens
107
What hormone can return a mare or heifer to proestrus
Progestins
108
What type hormones are used to 'cycle' production animals
Progestins
109
What hormone can prevent estrus if an animal is in proestrus
Progestins
110
What do prostaglandins cause
CL lysis Initiation of a new estrous cycle Abortion in pregnant animals
111
What hormone is responsible for milk letdown and uterine contraction
Oxytocin
112
What does insulin cause in relation to glucose
Removes glucose from circulation and stores it in tissues
113
What are corticosteroids used for
Antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive effects
114
Types of vaccines that can cause short term supply of ready-made antibodies
Antitoxins | Antiserums
115
Antitoxin Vaccinations
Contain antibodies to specific toxins
116
Antiserum Vaccinations
Contain antibodies to specific microorganisms
117
Mydriatic
Dilate the pupil
118
Example of mydriatic drug
Atropine
119
Miotics
Cause pupillary constriction
120
Example of miotic drug
Pilocarpine
121
Effect of ophthalmic cyclosporine
Increased tear production

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