Genetics / Reproduction

Question 1

Gene

Answer 1

Segment of DNA chromosome that provide the code for specific proteins or regulate expression of other genes

Question 2

Allele

Answer 2

Form of a gene that may be present

Question 3

Polygenic Inheritance

Answer 3

Phenotypes that are influenced by multiple genes

Question 4

Co-Dominance

Answer 4

A gene pair in which both are expressed with a blending of the phenotypes of 2 alleles

Question 5

Co-dominance example

Answer 5

Cross between red & white carnation produces pink flower

Question 6

Epistatic genes

Answer 6

Genes that modify or prevent the expression of other genes

Question 7

Incomplete dominance

Answer 7

Pair of genes in which both are expressed with both phenotypes visible in the offspring

Question 8

Example of incomplete dominance

Answer 8

Cross between a black chicken and a white chicken produces a spotted black & white chicken

Question 9

How are offspring of 2 purebred parents described

Answer 9

F1 / first filial generation

Question 10

Monohybrid cross

Answer 10

Predicts genotype & phenotype of offspring that differ in genotype for a single trait

Question 11

Dihybrid cross

Answer 11

Predicts offspring of 2 individuals that differ in genotype for 2 traits that are inherited independently

Question 12

Phenotype ratio for dihybrid cross

Answer 12

9:3:3:1

Question 13

Autosomal

Answer 13

All genes that are not located on the sex chromosomes

Question 14

What happens when a male inherits an X-linked recessive allele

Answer 14

It is always expressed

Question 15

Autosomal dominant

Answer 15

Dominant alleles will transmit to every generation unless the penetrance is interrupted

Question 16

Autosomal Recessive

Answer 16

Parents and remote relatives of affected individual will not be affected / skips generations

Question 17

What percentage of progeny will be affected by autosomal recessive genes

Answer 17

About 25%

Question 18

Pedigree chart

Answer 18

Diagram used to track inheritance of specific traits

Question 19

Test cross

Answer 19

Determines genotype of particular phenotypes

Question 20

Backcross

Answer 20

Pairing of an F1 generation hybrid with an organism whose genotype is identical to the parental strain

Question 21

Outbreeding / Random breeding

Answer 21

Mating of other, unrelated, strains to increase number of heterozygotes

Question 22

What type of breeding keeps the largest gene pool

Answer 22

Outbreeding / random breeding

Question 23

What type of breeding keeps fitness traits at high levels

Answer 23

Outbreeding / random breeding

Question 24

Assortative mating

Answer 24

Mating of individuals that are phenotypically similar

Question 25

What type of breeding system chooses individuals for their phenotype

Answer 25

Assortative mating

Question 26

Inbreeding

Answer 26

Minimum of 20 consecutive brother-sister matings

Question 27

What breeding system is designed to reduce heterozygosity

Answer 27

Inbreeding

Question 28

Inbreeding depression

Answer 28

When an individual becomes homozygous

Question 29

Ways to reduce inbreeding depression

Answer 29

Introduce new sire with as many desirable traits as possible | Outcross within breeding population

Question 30

Heterosis / Hybrid Vigor

Answer 30

F1 generation produced by crossing 2 different inbred strains

Question 31

Line breeding

Answer 31

System of inbreeding closely related individuals to guarantee similar traits in offspring

Question 32

Harem Mating

Answer 32

When 1 male is mated to, and generally housed with, at least 5 females

Question 33

Transgenic

Answer 33

Alters genetic makeup by transplanting a specific DNA strand into morula or by exposing embryo to mutating factors

Question 34

What is the first generation of transgenic breeding referred to as

Answer 34

F0 | Founder animal

Question 35

Mutation

Answer 35

Any change in the DNA sequence of a gene

Question 36

Genetic Mutation

Answer 36

Change in the DNA sequence of a gene contained in a gamete

Question 37

Translocation

Answer 37

Breakage of 2 chromosomes resulting in repair in an abnormal arrangement

Question 38

Deletion

Answer 38

Part or all of a chromosome is missing

Question 39

Duplication

Answer 39

An allele is duplicated

Question 40

Lethal Genes

Answer 40

A gene that will cause the death of an embryo or serious impairment or death sometime after birth Usually homozygous recessive

Question 41

Semilethal Gene

Answer 41

Causes individual to have abnormal traits

Question 42

Incomplete dominance lethal gene

Answer 42

Results in death in homozygous individuals | Heterozygous individuals will show clinical signs

Question 43

Age of puberty in female cats

Answer 43

7-12 months

Question 44

What factors affect age of puberty in female cats

Answer 44

Weight Hair coat - long reaches later Hours of daylight Season of birth

Question 45

Age of puberty in male cat

Answer 45

9 months

Question 46

Male cat accessory sex glands

Answer 46

Prostate | Bulbourethral / cowper

Question 47

Methods for feline semen collection

Answer 47

Artificial vagina - only about 20% can be trained Electroejaculation Natural breeding

Question 48

What type of estrous cycle do cats have

Answer 48

Seasonally polyestrous

Question 49

What type of placenta do cats have

Answer 49

Zonary

Question 50

How much / often should kittens be hand fed

Answer 50

15-20% bodyweight in 4 servings

Question 51

At what age can kittens transition to dry food

Answer 51

4 weeks

Question 52

Weaning age for kittens

Answer 52

5-8 weeks

Question 53

Age of puberty in female dogs

Answer 53

8 months

Question 54

Why should female dogs not be bred on first estrous cycle

Answer 54

They are sexually mature, but not anatomically mature

Question 55

What should all breeding dogs be tested for

Answer 55

Brucella canis

Question 56

What can B. canis cause in breeding dogs

Answer 56

Abortion Fetal resorption Infertility

Question 57

Accessory sex glands in the dog

Answer 57

Prostate

Question 58

Ways to collect dog semen

Answer 58

Teaser bitch Masturbation Electroejaculation

Question 59

Which method of collecting dog semen is most common

Answer 59

Teaser bitch

Question 60

What method of dog semen collection is NOT commonly used

Answer 60

Electroejaculation

Question 61

Which method of dog semen collection requires anesthesia

Answer 61

Electroejaculation

Question 62

What type of estrous cycle does a dog have

Answer 62

Non-seasonal, twice per year, no true estrous cycle

Question 63

What type of placenta do dogs have

Answer 63

Zonary

Question 64

When can puppies begin to eat solid food

Answer 64

4 weeks

Question 65

What age should puppies be weaned

Answer 65

6-8 weeks

Question 66

Age of puberty mare

Answer 66

12-24 months

Question 67

Age of puberty stallion

Answer 67

12-18 months

Question 68

Stallion accessory sex glands

Answer 68

Sminal vesicles Prostate Bulbourethral / cowpers

Question 69

Equine semen collection techniques

Answer 69

Artificial vagina / phantom Condoms Vaginal collection Dismount sample

Question 70

What is the most common method to collect stallion semen

Answer 70

Artificial vagina / phantom

Question 71

Type of estrous cycle for mares

Answer 71

Seasonally polyestrous

Question 72

What type of placenta do horses have

Answer 72

Diffuse & microcotyledonary

Question 73

How long does the CL produce progesterone in a pregnant mare

Answer 73

120 - 150 days

Question 74

Age of puberty in heifers

Answer 74

9-10 months

Question 75

What factors influence puberty in heifers

Answer 75

Weight

Question 76

When should a heifer be bred in relation to age / weight

Answer 76

15 months, 1000lbs

Question 77

Age of puberty for bulls (cow)

Answer 77

7-18 months

Question 78

Bull (cow) accessory sex glands

Answer 78

Vesicular glands Prostate Bulbourethral

Question 79

What disease can cause abortion in cows

Answer 79

Q fever

Question 80

Causative agent for Q fever

Answer 80

Coxiella burnetii

Question 81

Techniques for bull (cow) semen collection

Answer 81

Electroejaculation Massage Artificial vagina

Question 82

What type of estrous cycle do cows have

Answer 82

Non-seasonal polyestrous

Question 83

What type of placenta do cows have

Answer 83

Codyledonary

Question 84

What is a 'Free Martin'

Answer 84

Female twin of a male calf | Infertile and hermaphroditic

Question 85

Doe (goat) age of puberty

Answer 85

6-8 months

Question 86

At what weight should a female goat be first bred

Answer 86

At least 60-70% of adult body weight

Question 87

Age of puberty in buck (goat)

Answer 87

4-5 months

Question 88

Buck (goat) accessory sex glands

Answer 88

Seminal vesicles Prostate Bulbourethral / cowpers

Question 89

Buck semen collection methods

Answer 89

Artifical vagina | Bailey Ejaculator / electroejaculation

Question 90

What method is not commonly used for buck semen collection

Answer 90

Bailey ejaculator

Question 91

Why is the Bailey ejaculator not used commonly in goats?

Answer 91

Because of the response of the buck, increased vocalizations and excessive muscle contractions

Question 92

What type of estrous cycle do goats have

Answer 92

Seasonally polyestrous

Question 93

How can the estrous cycle be controlled in goats

Answer 93

Presentation of a male Prostaglandins Progestins

Question 94

What do prostaglandins do

Answer 94

Induce ovulation

Question 95

What do progestins do

Answer 95

Delay ovulation

Question 96

What type of placenta do goats have

Answer 96

Codyledonary

Question 97

What percentage of goat births are dystocai

Answer 97

3-5%

Question 98

At what age can goats be weaned

Answer 98

3 months

Question 99

Age of puberty in ewe

Answer 99

6-7 months

Question 100

At what weight should a ewe first be bred

Answer 100

65% of mature body weight

Question 101

Age of puberty in ram

Answer 101

6 months

Question 102

At what age should a ram be first bred

Answer 102

24 months

Question 103

Ram accessory sex glands

Answer 103

Seminal vesicles Prostate Bulbourethral

Question 104

Ram semen collection techniques

Answer 104

Electroejaculation

Question 105

What type of estrous cycle do ewes have

Answer 105

Seasonally polyestrous | Short day breeders

Question 106

Whitten Effect

Answer 106

Introducing a ram to ewes shortly before onset of breeding season to begin cycling within 5-6 days

Question 107

Ewe flushing

Answer 107

Increasing dietary intake before breeding to increase the number of mature follicles / follicles ruptured

Question 108

How much should ewes nutrition be increased in last trimester

Answer 108

50%

Question 109

What type of placenta do ewes have

Answer 109

Codyledonary

Question 110

What will happen after 2-3 hours of non-productive labor in the ewe

Answer 110

The cervix will close

Question 111

Common lamb defects

Answer 111

Cleft palate Umbilical hernia Entropion

Question 112

What should be supplemented to the ewe or lamb (if not given to the ewe)

Answer 112

Selenium | Vitamin E

Question 113

Age / weight of puberty in sows

Answer 113

``` 250 lbs 200 days (4-6 months) ```

Question 114

What affects onset of puberty in sows

Answer 114

Genetics | Environment

Question 115

Age of puberty in boars

Answer 115

5-7 months

Question 116

Age of full maturity in boars

Answer 116

2 years

Question 117

Boar accessory sex glands

Answer 117

Seminal vesicles Prostate Bulbourethral / cowpers

Question 118

Boar semen collection techniques

Answer 118

Gloved hand | Teaser sow

Question 119

What type of estrous cycle do pigs have

Answer 119

Non-seasonal polyestrous

Question 120

What type of placenta do pigs have

Answer 120

Diffuse

Question 121

At what age are pigs weaned

Answer 121

3-5 weeks

Question 122

What should every piglet receive supplementation of

Answer 122

200mg iron dextran