Anatomy & Physiology - I

Question 1

What is anatomy?

Answer 1

the study of the biological form of an organism (ex: wings, beaks)

Question 2

What is physiology?

Answer 2

the study of biological functions an organism performs (ex: digestion)

Question 3

What is homeostasis?

Answer 3

the maintenance of a “steady” state or internal balance regardless of external environment

Question 4

What must be regulated to maintain homeostasis?

Answer 4

body temperature, blood pH, glucose concentration, etc.

Question 5

What does homeostasis require?

Answer 5

negative feedback

Question 6

What is the importance of homeostasis?

Answer 6

helps to sustain life in extreme environment

Question 7

(NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP DIAGRAM - LABEL)

Answer 7

(labelling answers)

Question 8

What are the 4 physical processes of heat exchange with the environment?

Answer 8

radiation, evaporation, convection, conduction

Question 9

What is the term to describe the emission of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero?

Answer 9

radiation

Question 10

What heat exchange processes does a lizard depend on?

Answer 10

radiation

Question 11

What does evaporation do to heat on the body?

Answer 11

removes it (thus cooling the body)

Question 12

What is the difference between convection and conduction?

Answer 12

conduction transfers heat between molecules of objects in direct contact with each other whereas convection involves the movement of warm fluid to or from the surface of an object

Question 13

What is the term to describe the rate at which animals need to acquire food?

Answer 13

metabolic rate

Question 14

How can temperature affect tissues?

Answer 14

it can affect:

• performance of proteins
• rates of biophysical processes (diffusion, osmosis)
• rates of biochemical reactions
• viscous properties of membranes

Question 15

How does temperature affect the performance of proteins?

Answer 15

it can denature them - which prevents enzymes from functioning properly

Question 16

How do warm vs. cold temperatures affect membranes?

Answer 16

warm temperatures cause membranes to become more fluid while cold causes them to become more rigid and less permeable

Question 17

What are some ways in which animals deal with cold winter temperatures?

Answer 17

physical adaptations such as fur and behavioural adaptations such as migration

Question 18

How do animals avoid freezing?

Answer 18

• migrate to warmer climate
• move to insulated environment (underground or underwater)
• lower body temperature to slow metabolic rate (hibernation)

Question 19

How do antifreeze proteins work?

Answer 19

adsorb small ice crystals; preventing the growht of large crystals

Question 20

What are some components of tissue antifreeze?

Answer 20

carbohydrates (ethylene glycol, glycerol, glucose), electrolytes (Na+, Cl-)

Question 21

Why is it bad if water freeezes in a tissue?

Answer 21

it expands and forms sharp crystals

Question 22

How do some animals tolerate freezing?

Answer 22

survive by freezing solid

Question 23

Why is it important to maintain body temperature?

Answer 23

to survive - organisms are specialized for different temperatures (specialized proteins and membrane composition)

Question 24

What is the difference between poikilotherms (ecotherms) and endotherms?

Answer 24

poikilotherms have no internal regulation of body temperature so they occupy environments of chosen temperature, whereas endotherms warm their tissues with metabolic heat

Question 25

What are 3 ways in which endotherms can regulate their body temperatures?

Answer 25

- adjust insulation - change rate of blood flow in vessels to skin - change posture

Question 26

How might an endotherm adjust its insulation?

Answer 26

erect or compress its feathers/fur

Question 27

What is the difference between vasodialation and vasoconstriction?

Answer 27

vasodialation increases blood vessel surface area to dissipate heat; vasoconstriction closes in vessels to retain heat in core

Question 28

How can an endotherm use its posture to retain heat? to dissipate heat?

Answer 28

- tuck in/hunch over to retain heat (smaller surface area) | - extend limbs to dissipate heat (larger surface area)

Question 29

How does the body generate heat when it is below thermal neutral zone (TNZ)?

Answer 29

shivering and brown fat

Question 30

What is shivering?

Answer 30

unsynchronized contraction of adjacent muscle units (produces no useful work - ATP bond energy dissipated as heat)

Question 31

What part of the body is responsible for coordinating heat generation?

Answer 31

hypothalamus

Question 32

What is special about brown fat?

Answer 32

contains a lot of mitochrondria that help break down fatty acids and generate heat in doing so (little furnaces)

Question 33

What takes up 1-3% of fat mass?

Answer 33

brown fat

Question 34

How do blood vessels perform heat exchange?

Answer 34

counter-current exchange - transfer heat between blood flowing in opposite directions

Question 35

What is osmoregulation?

Answer 35

maintenance of osmolarity (water-solute content) of body fluids)

Question 36

What is the term to describe the sum of concentration of dissolved substances?

Answer 36

osmolarity

Question 37

What is osmotic pressure?

Answer 37

pressure from flow of water through semipermeable membrane separating solutions with different solute concentrations

Question 38

In what direction does water flow?

Answer 38

from an area of high concentration to low

Question 39

How is the osmolarity of marine invertebrates and hagfish related to that of salt water?

Answer 39

isoosmotic

Question 40

Why is it hard for fish to enter environments with different osmotic pressure?

Answer 40

it causes them huge osmotic stress

Question 41

What benefit does the ability to osmoregulate give?

Answer 41

can inhabit different areas - invade new environments

Question 42

What is produced by refining a filtrate that is derived from body fluids?

Answer 42

urine

Question 43

What are the 4 key functions of most excretory systems?

Answer 43

filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion

Question 44

What is filtration?

Answer 44

pressure-filtering of body fluids

Question 45

What is reabsorption?

Answer 45

reclaiming valuable solutes

Question 46

What is secretion?

Answer 46

adding toxins and other solutes from the body fluids to the filtrate

Question 47

What is the importance of secretion?

Answer 47

gets rid of toxins

Question 48

What is the term to describe the removal of filtrate from a system?

Answer 48

excretion

Question 49

What does urine allow organisms to do?

Answer 49

gain or lose excess water (necessary if living in a specific osmotic environment)

Question 50

What is the least toxic nitrogenous waste?

Answer 50

uric acid

Question 51

What is the most toxic nitrogenous waste?

Answer 51

ammonia

Question 52

How does the toxicity of urea relate to that of ammonia and uric acid?

Answer 52

less toxic than ammonia; more toxic than uric acid

Question 53

Order urea, uric acid, and ammonia from least to most expensive

Answer 53

ammonia, urea, uric acid

Question 54

What type of environment is ammonia good in and why?

Answer 54

aquatic environment (takes a lot of water to dilute) - diffuses across gills

Question 55

What nitrogenous waste takes the least water to dilute?

Answer 55

uric acid

Question 56

What is the relationship between the tendency to lose water to the environment and the amount/concentration of urine produced?

Answer 56

more water loss, smaller volume of urine, urine concentration slightly less than body fluids

Question 57

What happens to freshwater fish in their environment?

Answer 57

tend to gain water

Question 58

What tends to happen to the body water in terrestrial vertebrates?

Answer 58

tends to be lost to air

Question 59

Order marine fish, freshwater fish, and terrestrial vertebrates from least to most volume of urine produced

Answer 59

marine fish, terrestrial vertebrates, freshwater fish

Question 60

How do marine mammals drink sea water?

Answer 60

have very efficient kidneys that excrete the excess salt

Question 61

How do marine birds and reptile get rid of salt after drinking sea water?

Answer 61

salt glands excrete the salt through countercurrent exchange

Question 62

How do terrestrial animals conserve water?

Answer 62

special adaptations to absorb water, waterproof skin, etc.

Question 63

What type of environment do marine fish live in?

Answer 63

hyperosmotic

Question 64

What are the layers of (WATERPROOF?) skin, in order from exterior to interior?

Answer 64

1. stratum corneum 2. stratum lucidum 3. stratum granulosum 4. stratum spinosum 5. stratum basale

Question 65

What makes up the stratum corneum?

Answer 65

dead cells with lipids and/or keratin inside and between cells

Question 66

What are some adaptations that desert mammals have to balance water?

Answer 66

- drink little or no water - obtain water from food - produce more concentrated urine

Question 67

What is the primary function of urine?

Answer 67

osmoregulation (?)