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J Endocrine > ANATOMY - pituitary gland > Flashcards

ANATOMY - pituitary gland Flashcards

1
Q

which gland is known as the ‘master gland’ that controls function of other glands by secreting hormones

A

pituitary gland

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2
Q

where is the hypothalamus in relation to the thalamus

A

inferior

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3
Q

how big is the hypothalamus

A

4cm

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4
Q

where is the hypothalamus in relation to the midbrain

A

superior

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5
Q

where is the pituitary gland in relation to the hypothalamus

A

inferior

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6
Q

where is the hypothalamus in relation to the pituitary gland

A

superior

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7
Q

what connects the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus

A

infundibulum (pituitary stalk)

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8
Q

what are the 2 segments of the pituitary gland

A

anterior and posterior

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9
Q

which bone does the pituitary gland sit in

A

sphenoid

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10
Q

which part of the sphenoid bone does the pituitary gland sit in

A

sella turcica (‘Turkish saddle’) in the pituitary fossa

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11
Q

what lines the entire inside of the skull

A

dura mater

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12
Q

what is the purpose of dura mater

A

protects structures of the cranial cavity

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13
Q

where is dura mater

A

on the inside of the skull

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14
Q

nerve supply of dura mater

A

CN V

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15
Q

where is the diaphragm sellae

A

over the pituitary fossa

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16
Q

what is the diaphragm sellae made of

A

dura mater only

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17
Q

what is the only thing thats made of dura mater only

A

diaphragm sellae

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18
Q

what is falx cerebri

A

dura mater between 2 cerebral lobes

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19
Q

what is the sheet of dura mater over the cerebellum and vertebral cortex in the posterior cranial fossa called

A

tentorium cerebelli

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20
Q

what does the tentorium cerebelli do

A

‘tents’ the cerebellum (goes over it)

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21
Q

what is the tenorium cerebelli made of

A

dura mater

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22
Q

what are the 3 structures you need to know that are made of dura matter

where are they

A 
diaphragm sellae (over the pituitary fossa)
tentorium cerebelli (over cerebellum)
flax cerebri (between 2 cerebral lobes)
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23
Q

which space in the cranial cavity is the dura mater on top of

A

arachnoid space

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24
Q

what do the dural venous sinuses do

A

collect venous drainage of the brain

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25
Q

where does venous drainage end up after the dural venous sinuses

A

right and left cavernous sinuses

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26
Q

where are the cavernous sinuses (right and left)

A

lateral to the pituitary gland

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27
Q

where do the right and left cavernous sinuses drain

A

anterior intercavernous sinus

28
Q

where is the anterior cavernous sinus

A

anterior to the pituitary gland

29
Q

apart from going to the left and right cavernous sinuses, where else might the venous drainage from the brain end up after being in the dural venous sinuses

A

straight down internal jugular vein

30
Q

what layer is internal to the dura mater

A

arachnoid mater

31
Q

where is the subarachnoid space (2)

A

between pia mater and arachnoid mater

around brain and spinal cord

32
Q

what is the purpose of subarachnoid space

A

contains CSF

cushions brain and spinal cord

33
Q

where is the pia mater

A

between brain and subarachnoid space

34
Q

what does pia mater contain

A

nerves, arteries and veins to/from the brain

35
Q

what is the space in the sphenoid bone called

A

sphenoid sinus

36
Q

which vessel passes above the sphenoid sinus and curves back on itself

A

internal carotid artery

37
Q

where is the pituitary gland in respect to the sphenoid bone

A

above the sphenoid sinus

38
Q

what are lateral to the pituitary gland

A

right and left cavernous sinuses

39
Q

which vessels go through the right and left cavernous sinuses

A

internal carotid arteries

+ nerves

40
Q

what are the inferior and superior structures of the pituitary gland

A 
diaphragm sellae 
sphenoid bone (sphenoid sinus)
41
Q

which nerves go through the cavernous sinuses (4 - easy to guess)

A

CN III
CN IV
CN V (V1 and V2)
CN VI

42
Q

what is the posterior pituitary made of

A

neurones

43
Q

what is the posterior pituitary also known as

A

neurohypophysis (bc its made of neurones)

44
Q

what is the anterior pituitary also known as

A

adenohypophysis

45
Q

which section of the pituitary is glandular

A

anterior pituitary

46
Q

what does the anterior pituitary look like on histology

A

red and blue dots (cytoplasms)

47
Q

what 2 cells are there in the anterior pituitary

A

acidophils and basophils

48
Q

how do basophils in the anterior pituitary present on histology

A

blue cytoplasm

Basophils = Blue

49
Q

how do acidophils in the pituitary present on histology

A

red cytoplasm

50
Q

what is the pituitaries blood supply

A

circle of willis

51
Q

what 2 arteries make up the circle of willis

A

internal carotid arteries

vertebral arteries

52
Q

what do the vertebral arteries join together to form

A

basilar artery

53
Q

where do the intercavernous sinuses drain into

A

internal jugular veins

54
Q

why is the visual pathway important for the pituitary

A

optic chiasm is right above the pituitary tumour

55
Q

what is the clinical significance of a pituitary tumour (pathophysiology and condition)

A

optic chiasm compression = bitemporal hemianopia

56
Q

which optic nerve fibres are affected in a compression of the optic chiasm (side and location)

A

both nasal retina fibres

57
Q

if there is a pituitary tumour (or any pituitary problem really) what are the 2 routes you can get to the pituitary gland

name and description pls

A

transcranial - under frontal lobe, under brain, through frontal sinuses

transsphenoidal - via nasal cavities, through sphenoidal sinuses

58
Q

which 2 bones have to be broken in transspehnoidal access to pituitary gland

A

ethmoid bone and vomer (make up the nasal septum)

59
Q

if someone had a sore nose (eg previous trauma) but you still wanted to do a transsphenoidal approach to get to the pituitary gland, how could you do this

A

stimulate a le fort I fracture - fracture of maxilla, easily fixed

60
Q

if you damage the cavernous sinus in pituitary surgery what would happen

A

venous haemorrhage

61
Q

if you damage the internal carotids in pituitary surgery what would happen

A

catastrophic haemorrhage

62
Q

if you damage optic chiasm in pituitary surgery what would happen

A

bitemporal hemianopia

63
Q

if you damage CN III (oculomotor) in pituitary surgery what would happen

A

cant move eye in some directions (can only move it laterally and inferiorly) on the affected side

64
Q

if you damage CN IV (trochlear) in pituitary surgery what would happen

A

cant move eye inferiorly when looking inwards

65
Q

if you damage CN V (trigeminal) in pituitary surgery what would happen

A

no facial sensation

chewing problems

66
Q

if you damage CN VI (abducent) in pituitary surgery what would happnen

A

cant move eye laterally (outwards)

67
Q

if you damage dura mater in pituitary surgery what would happen

A

CSF leak

J Endocrine (12 decks)

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