PHYSIOLOGY

Question 1

what is the general treatment for endocrine conditions

Answer 1

too much hormone = suppress it

too little hormone = stimulate/replace it

Question 2

what is a hormone

Answer 2

a chemical messenger that travels in blood to a distant organ for a specific function

Question 3

which type of gland secretes hormones into blood

Answer 3

endocrine glands

Question 4

which type of glands secretes hormones into ducts

Answer 4

exocrine glands

Question 5

which gland has both exocrine and endocrine components

Answer 5

pancreas

Question 6

example of a protein (chain of peptides) hormone (1)

Answer 6

insulin

Question 7

example of a peptide hormone (3)

Answer 7

ACTH
ADH
oxytocin

Question 8

how are protein and peptide hormones made

Answer 8

cleaved from even long proteins

Question 9

where are protein/peptide hormones cleaved

Answer 9

Golgi apparatus

Question 10

where are protein/peptide hormones stored

Answer 10

vesicles

Question 11

when are protein/peptide hormones released

Answer 11

when a signal is present

Question 12

what is required for a protein/peptide hormone to be released from vesicles (as well as a signal)

Answer 12

Ca2+

Question 13

do protein/peptide hormones need a carrier protein to be transported in the blood

why

Answer 13

no

they are hydrophilic so dissolve easy in plasma

Question 14

are protein/peptide hormones stored or made on demand

Answer 14

stored

Question 15

examples of steroid hormones (4)

Answer 15

cortisol
progesterone testosterone
oestrogen

Question 16

are steroid hormones stored or secreted on demand

Answer 16

secreted on demand

Question 17

from which molecule are endogenous steroids derived

Answer 17

cholesterol

Question 18

do steroid hormones need a carrier protein to be transported in the blood

why

Answer 18

yes

they are hydrophobic so do not dissolve in plasma

Question 19

what is albumin

Answer 19

a carrier protein for steroids and thyroxine

Question 20

what is cortisol binding globulin

Answer 20

a carrier protein for cortisol

Question 21

what is the carrier protein for testosterone and oestradiol

Answer 21

sex steroid binding globulin

Question 22

why cant steroid be permanently bound to carrier proteins

Answer 22

bc they need to be ‘free’ (unbound) to go across the membrane of cells (including the bladder when getting eliminated)

Question 23

what type of receptor is a steroid hormone receptor (glucocorticoid receptor GR)

where is it

Answer 23

class 1 nuclear receptor

in the cell cytoplasm - not on the cell surface

Question 24

what happens when the steroid binds with its receptor (receptor steroid complex)

Answer 24

receptor-steroid complex binds to DNA and affects mRNA or rate protein synthesis

Question 25

if the receptor-steroid complex binds with a GR (glucocorticoid receptor) DImer what happens

Answer 25

RNA transcription

Question 26

if the receptor-steroid complex binds with a GR (glucocorticoid receptor) MONOmer what happens

Answer 26

no RNA transcription

Question 27

apart from glucocorticoid receptors (GR), what other type of receptors can steroids bind to

Answer 27

mineralocorticoid receptors (MR)

Question 28

examples of modified amino acid hormones (4)

Answer 28

adrenaline thriiodothronine T3 thyroxine T4 melatonin

Question 29

how are modified amino acid hormones made

Answer 29

from tyrosine/tyramine

Question 30

are modified amino acid hormones stored or secreted on demand

Answer 30

stored

Question 31

what is needed for the release of modified amino acid hormones from vesicles as well as a signal

Answer 31

Ca2+

Question 32

which modified amino acids are hydrophobic and require carrier proteins to transport them in blood

Answer 32

thyroxine T4 | triiodothyronine T3

Question 33

carrier proteins for thyroxine (3)

Answer 33

thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) albumin transthyretin

Question 34

paracrine signal definition

Answer 34

chemical communication between cells within a tissue or organ with no circulation involved (different form both autocrine and endocrine)

Question 35

autocrine signal definition

Answer 35

chemical that acts on the same cell it was produced from opposite of endocrine signal

Question 36

endocrine signal definition

Answer 36

chemical that acts on a different and distant cell to the cell that produced it opposite of autocrine signal

Question 37

what is the feedback mechanism of hormones

Answer 37

negative feedback

Question 38

why is negative feedback important for hormones

Answer 38

to maintain normal plasma levels of the hormone

Question 39

the presence of which hormone inhibits corticotrophin release from the hypothalamus

Answer 39

cortisol

Question 40

what can increase cortisol levels

Answer 40

stress

Question 41

how are hormones eliminated

Answer 41

kidneys and liver

Question 42

where are G protein coupled receptors

Answer 42

cell membrane

Question 43

what is the hormone receptor for insulin

Answer 43

receptor tyrosine kinase

Question 44

where are receptor tyrosine kinases found

Answer 44

cell surface

Question 45

what do receptor tyrosine kinases respond to example

Answer 45

protein and peptide hormones (eg insulin)

Question 46

which part of the tyrosine kinase receptor does insulin bind to

Answer 46

alpha subunit

Question 47

when insulin binds to the alpha subunit of receptor tyrosine kinase, what happens

Answer 47

autophosphorylation of beta subunit

Question 48

autophosphorylation of beta subunits in receptor tyrosine kinase results in...

Answer 48

phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate proteins = cellular effects

Question 49

what type of receptor does growth hormone and prolactin bind to

Answer 49

cytosine receptor

Question 50

what activates class I nuclear receptors

Answer 50

steroids

Question 51

what activates class II nuclear receptors

Answer 51

lipids

Question 52

what activates class I/II hybrid nuclear receptors

Answer 52

thyroid hormones

Question 53

what is important about the hormones that activate nuclear receptors why

Answer 53

they must be lipophilic to diffuse across the cell membrane

Question 54

what hormones activate g protein coupled receptors (3)

Answer 54

proteins peptides calcium??

Question 55

how many times does a g protein coupled receptor cross the membrane

Answer 55

7

Question 56

what hormone activated a tyrosine kinase receptor

Answer 56

insulin

Question 57

what hormone activates a cytosine receptor (2)

Answer 57

growth hormone | prolactin

Question 58

what hormone activates a cytosine receptor (2)

Answer 58

growth hormone | prolactin

Question 59

what 6 hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete

Answer 59

``` GH prolactin ACTH FSH LH TSH ```

Question 60

what 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete

Answer 60

ADH | oxytocin

Question 61

what 3 hormones does the thyroid gland secrete

Answer 61

T3 triiodothyronine T4 thyroxine calcitonin

Question 62

what hormone does the parathyroid glands secrete

Answer 62

PTH

Question 63

what 2 endocrine hormones does the pancreas secrete

Answer 63

insulin | glucagon

Question 64

what 2 hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete

Answer 64

glucocorticoids | aldosterone

Question 65

what 2 hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete

Answer 65

adrenaline | noradrenaline