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J Endocrine > PHYSIOLOGY > Flashcards

PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

what is the general treatment for endocrine conditions

A

too much hormone = suppress it

too little hormone = stimulate/replace it

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2
Q

what is a hormone

A

a chemical messenger that travels in blood to a distant organ for a specific function

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3
Q

which type of gland secretes hormones into blood

A

endocrine glands

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4
Q

which type of glands secretes hormones into ducts

A

exocrine glands

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5
Q

which gland has both exocrine and endocrine components

A

pancreas

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6
Q

example of a protein (chain of peptides) hormone (1)

A

insulin

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7
Q

example of a peptide hormone (3)

A

ACTH
ADH
oxytocin

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8
Q

how are protein and peptide hormones made

A

cleaved from even long proteins

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9
Q

where are protein/peptide hormones cleaved

A

Golgi apparatus

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10
Q

where are protein/peptide hormones stored

A

vesicles

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11
Q

when are protein/peptide hormones released

A

when a signal is present

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12
Q

what is required for a protein/peptide hormone to be released from vesicles (as well as a signal)

A

Ca2+

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13
Q

do protein/peptide hormones need a carrier protein to be transported in the blood

why

A

no

they are hydrophilic so dissolve easy in plasma

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14
Q

are protein/peptide hormones stored or made on demand

A

stored

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15
Q

examples of steroid hormones (4)

A

cortisol
progesterone testosterone
oestrogen

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16
Q

are steroid hormones stored or secreted on demand

A

secreted on demand

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17
Q

from which molecule are endogenous steroids derived

A

cholesterol

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18
Q

do steroid hormones need a carrier protein to be transported in the blood

why

A

yes

they are hydrophobic so do not dissolve in plasma

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19
Q

what is albumin

A

a carrier protein for steroids and thyroxine

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20
Q

what is cortisol binding globulin

A

a carrier protein for cortisol

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21
Q

what is the carrier protein for testosterone and oestradiol

A

sex steroid binding globulin

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22
Q

why cant steroid be permanently bound to carrier proteins

A

bc they need to be ‘free’ (unbound) to go across the membrane of cells (including the bladder when getting eliminated)

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23
Q

what type of receptor is a steroid hormone receptor (glucocorticoid receptor GR)

where is it

A

class 1 nuclear receptor

in the cell cytoplasm - not on the cell surface

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24
Q

what happens when the steroid binds with its receptor (receptor steroid complex)

A

receptor-steroid complex binds to DNA and affects mRNA or rate protein synthesis

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25
Q

if the receptor-steroid complex binds with a GR (glucocorticoid receptor) DImer what happens

A

RNA transcription

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26
Q

if the receptor-steroid complex binds with a GR (glucocorticoid receptor) MONOmer what happens

A

no RNA transcription

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27
Q

apart from glucocorticoid receptors (GR), what other type of receptors can steroids bind to

A

mineralocorticoid receptors (MR)

28
Q

examples of modified amino acid hormones (4)

A

adrenaline
thriiodothronine T3
thyroxine T4
melatonin

29
Q

how are modified amino acid hormones made

A

from tyrosine/tyramine

30
Q

are modified amino acid hormones stored or secreted on demand

A

stored

31
Q

what is needed for the release of modified amino acid hormones from vesicles as well as a signal

A

Ca2+

32
Q

which modified amino acids are hydrophobic and require carrier proteins to transport them in blood

A

thyroxine T4

triiodothyronine T3

33
Q

carrier proteins for thyroxine (3)

A

thyroxine binding globulin (TBG)
albumin
transthyretin

34
Q

paracrine signal definition

A

chemical communication between cells within a tissue or organ with no circulation involved (different form both autocrine and endocrine)

35
Q

autocrine signal definition

A

chemical that acts on the same cell it was produced from

opposite of endocrine signal

36
Q

endocrine signal definition

A

chemical that acts on a different and distant cell to the cell that produced it

opposite of autocrine signal

37
Q

what is the feedback mechanism of hormones

A

negative feedback

38
Q

why is negative feedback important for hormones

A

to maintain normal plasma levels of the hormone

39
Q

the presence of which hormone inhibits corticotrophin release from the hypothalamus

A

cortisol

40
Q

what can increase cortisol levels

A

stress

41
Q

how are hormones eliminated

A

kidneys and liver

42
Q

where are G protein coupled receptors

A

cell membrane

43
Q

what is the hormone receptor for insulin

A

receptor tyrosine kinase

44
Q

where are receptor tyrosine kinases found

A

cell surface

45
Q

what do receptor tyrosine kinases respond to

example

A

protein and peptide hormones (eg insulin)

46
Q

which part of the tyrosine kinase receptor does insulin bind to

A

alpha subunit

47
Q

when insulin binds to the alpha subunit of receptor tyrosine kinase, what happens

A

autophosphorylation of beta subunit

48
Q

autophosphorylation of beta subunits in receptor tyrosine kinase results in…

A

phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate proteins = cellular effects

49
Q

what type of receptor does growth hormone and prolactin bind to

A

cytosine receptor

50
Q

what activates class I nuclear receptors

A

steroids

51
Q

what activates class II nuclear receptors

A

lipids

52
Q

what activates class I/II hybrid nuclear receptors

A

thyroid hormones

53
Q

what is important about the hormones that activate nuclear receptors

why

A

they must be lipophilic to diffuse across the cell membrane

54
Q

what hormones activate g protein coupled receptors (3)

A

proteins
peptides
calcium??

55
Q

how many times does a g protein coupled receptor cross the membrane

A

7

56
Q

what hormone activated a tyrosine kinase receptor

A

insulin

57
Q

what hormone activates a cytosine receptor (2)

A

growth hormone

prolactin

58
Q

what hormone activates a cytosine receptor (2)

A

growth hormone

prolactin

59
Q

what 6 hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete

A 
GH 
prolactin 
ACTH 
FSH 
LH 
TSH
60
Q

what 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete

A

ADH

oxytocin

61
Q

what 3 hormones does the thyroid gland secrete

A

T3 triiodothyronine
T4 thyroxine
calcitonin

62
Q

what hormone does the parathyroid glands secrete

A

PTH

63
Q

what 2 endocrine hormones does the pancreas secrete

A

insulin

glucagon

64
Q

what 2 hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete

A

glucocorticoids

aldosterone

65
Q

what 2 hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete

A

adrenaline

noradrenaline

J Endocrine (12 decks)

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