Anatomy Quiz 1 Flashcards by Alayna Johnson

All things are composed of what?

Chemicals consisting atoms

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Protons, neutrons, & electrons that make up an atom

Subatomic particles

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What are the levels or organization?

1. Atom
* Tiny particles that make up chemicals
* Hydrogen (H), Carbon (C)

2. Molecule
* Particles consisting of atoms joined together
* Water, Glucose

3. Macromolecule
* Large particles consisting of molecules
* DNA, protein

4. Organelle
* Functional part of cell
* Mitochondrion, lysosome

5. Cell
* Basic unit of structure & functions
* Muscle cell, blood cell

6. Tissue
* Layer/mass of cells w/ specific functions
* Adipose tissue

7. Organ
* Group of different tissues w/ a function
* Heart, kidney

8. Organ system
* Group of organs w/ a common function
* Digestive system, resp. system

9. Organism
* Composed of organ systems interacting
* Human

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Bodys maintenance of stable internal enviornment
* Requires most of our metabolic energy

Receptors: Provides information
Control center: Tells what particular value should be
Effectors: Cause responses to change to internal enviornment

Homeostasis

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Most common homeostatic mech

Effectors return conditions toward normal range
* Maintains balance
* Prevent severe changes in the body
* Long lived

Ex:
* BP
* T
* Glucose (Insulin)

Negative feedback loop

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Change/deviatuion is intensified, instead of reversed
* Uncommon homeostatic mech in body
* Increases until normal
* Short lived

Ex:
* Blood clots
* Breastfeeding
* Labor

Positive feedback loop

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Divides body into 4 parts (head, neck, trunk, & upper appendicular portion)
* Cranial cavity: Houses brain
* Vertebral cranial: Spinal cavity/cord, backbone/vertebra
* Thoracic cavity: Heart, lungs and pleura
* Abdominopelvic cavity: All of your organs other than your brain, heart, and lungs

Pg 20

Axial portion

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What seperates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?

pg 20

Diaphragm

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Seperated from abdominopelvic by diaphragm
* Broad thin muscle

At rest, muscle is curved upwards into thorax (like dome) ; when contracting during inhalation, muscle curves down on abdominal viscera

Includes:
* L pleural cavity: Line thoracic cavity & cover lungs
* Mediastinum
* R pleural cavity: Line thoracic cavity & cover lungs
* Pericardial cavity: Surrounding heart & covering surface

pg 20 - 21 fig. 1.10, 37

Thoracic cavity

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Extends forward to the sternum & backward to the vertebral column

Forms boundry between R & L sides of thoracic cavity
* R & L lungs are on either side

Includes:
* Heart
* Esophagus
* Trachea
* Thymus

pg 20

Mediastinum

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Includes upper abdominal & lower pelvic portion

Abdominal cavity:
* Viscera found within (stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, small/large intestine)

Pelvic cavity:
* Portion enclosed by pelvic bones
* Contains terminal end of large intestine, urinary bladder, & internal reproductive organs

pg 20 - 21 fig. 1.10

Abdominopelvic Cavity

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What are 4 other small cavities located w/in the head?

pg 20 Fig 7.21 pg 225

Oral cavity: Teeth, tounge

Nasal cavity: Connecting several air-filled sinuses

Orbital cavity: Eyes, skeletal muscle, & nerves

Middle ear cavities: Middle ear bone

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Line the walls of thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities & folds back to cover organs w/in cavities
* Secrete slippery serous fluid

parieal layer:
* Outer layer
* Lines wall of the thoracic & abdominopevlic cavity

Visceral layer:
* Inner layer
* Covers organs

Examples:
* Visceral & parieal Pleura: Around lungs in thorax
* Visceral & parieal pericardium: Around heart in thorax
* Visceral & parieal Peritoneum: Around abd.pelvi organs

pg 20 & notes

Serous membranes

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What’s the difference between parietal & visceral peritoneum?

pg 20

Parietal peritoneum: Lines the wall of the abdominal pelvic cavity

Visceral peritoneum: Covers most organs in the abdominopelvic cavity

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Major organs include:
* Skin
* Hair
* Nails
* Sweat glands
* Sebaceous glands

Major function:
* Protects tissues
* Regulates body temp
* Support sensory receptors

pg 26 Table 1.3

Integumentary system

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Major organs include:
* Bones
* Ligaments
* Cartilages

Major function:
* Provide frame work
* Protect soft tissue
* Provide attachements to form muscles
* Produce blood cells
* Store Inorganic salts

pg 26 Table 1.3

Skeletal System

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Major organs include:
* Muscles

Major function:
* Causes movement
* Maintains posture
* Produce body heat

pg 26 Table 1.3

Muscular system

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Major organs include:
* Brain
* Spinal cord
* Nerves
* Sense organs

Major function:
* Detects changes
* Receives & interperates info
* Stimulates muscles & glands

pg 26 Table 1.3

Nervous system

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Major organs include: (Glands that secrete hormones)
* Pituitary gland
* Thyroid gland
* Parathyroid gland
* Adrenal gland
* Pineal gland
* Pancreas
* Ovaries/testes
* Thymus

Major function:
* Control metabolic activities of bodies structure

pg 26 Table 1.3

Endocrine system

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Major organs include:
* Heart
* Arteries
* Capillaries
* Veins

Major function:
* Move blood through blood vessels
* Transport substances throughout body

pg 26 Table 1.3

Cardiovascular system

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Major organs include:
* Lymphiatic vessels
* Lymph nodes
* Thymus
* Spleen

Major function:
* Returne tissue fluid from blood
* Carry certain absorbed food molecules
* Defend body against infection

pg 26 Table 1.3

Lymphatic system

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Major organs include:
* Mouth, tounge, teeth
* Salivary glands
* Pharynx
* Esophagus
* Stomach
* Liver
* Gallbladder
* Pancreas
* Small/Large intestine

Major function:
* Recieve/breakdown/absorb food
* Eliminate unabsorbed material

pg 26 Table 1.3

Digestive system

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Major organs include:
* Nasal cavity
* Pharynx
* Larynx
* Trachea
* Bronchi
* Lungs

Major function:
* I/O of air
* Gas exchange betwen air & blood

pg 26 Table 1.3

Resp. system

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Major organs include:
* Kidneys
* Ureters
* Bladder
* Urethra

Major function:
* Remove waste from blood
* Maintain water & electrolyte balance
* Store/eliminate urine

pg 26 Table 1.3

Urinary system

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**Major organs include**: * **Male**: Scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate glands, bulbouretgral glands, urethra, penis * **Female**: Ovaries, Uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva **Major function**: * **Males**: Produce/maintain/transfer sperm * **Female**: Produce/maintain *oocytes (female sex cells)*, receive sperm, support development of embryo, birth process ## Footnote pg 26 Table 1.3

Reproductive system

Define the following *positions*: Superior Inferior Anterior/Ventral Posterior/Dorsal Medial Lateral Bilateral Ipsilateral Contralateral Proxial Distal Superficial Deep

**Superior**: Above **Inferior**: Below **Anterior/Ventral**: Toward front **Posterior/Dorsal**: Toward back **Medial**: Toward midline **Lateral**: Away from midline **Bilateral**: Paired structures on both sides **Ipsilateral**: Same side **Contralateral**: Opposite sides **Proxial**: Close to trunk **Distal**: Away from trunk **Superficial**: Close to body surface **Deep**: More internal

Define the following *abdominal body regions*: Epigastric region L hypochondrian region R hypochondrian region Umbilical region L lateral (lumbar) region R lateral (lumbar) region Pubic (hypogastric) region L inguinal region R inguinal region ## Footnote pg 31

**Epigastric**: Upper middle portion of abd. **L hypochondrian region**: L side of epigatric region **R hypochondrian region**: R side of epigatric region **Umbilical region**: Middle portion of abd. **L lateral (lumbar) region**: L side of umbilical region **R lateral (lumbar) region**: R side of umbilical region **Pubic (hypogastric) region**: Lower middle portion of abd. **L inguinal region**: L side of pubic (hypogastric) region **R inguinal region**: R side of Pubic (hypogastric) region

Define the following *adjectives that are commonly used to refer to various parts of the body*: Acromial Crural Inguinal Mental Occipital Orbital Sacral Sural ## Footnote pg 31-32 (Not all listed)

**Acromial:** Point of shoulder **Crural:** Leg (shins) **Inguinal:** Depressed area of abd. wall near thigh (groin) **Mental:** Chin **Occipital:** Inferior posterior region of the head **Orbital:** Eye cavity **Sacral:** Posterior region between hip bones **Sural:** Calf of leg

Describe how a patient would look in anatomical position?

Standing erect / facing forward Upper limbs at sides w/ palms facing forward

**Define each body section/ plane:** Sagittal section: Midsagittal /median: Parasagittal: Transverse / Horizontal section: Coronal / frontol section:

**Sagittal section**: Longituted cut diving body into L & R portions **Midsagittal /median**: Divides body into L & R **Parasagittal**: Divides body into unequal L & R portions * Sagittal section lateral to midline **Transverse / Horizontal section**: Divides body into superior & inferior parts **Coronal / frontol section**: Longitudinal cut that divides body into anterior & porterior portions

What 2 things make up all body fluids?

Water & electrolytes

What are the structures of matter?

**Matter**: Anything that has weight & takes up space * Composed of elements **Elements**: Compose of chemically identical atoms **Atoms**: Smallest particle of an element * *Protons (p+)*: Positive charge, in nucleus * *Neutrons (n0)*: No charge / neutral, in nucleus * *Electrons (e-)*: Negative charge, on outside rings **Nucleus:** Central part of atom * composed of protons & neutrons * Electrons move around

T/F: Nucleus contains protons ## Footnote Pg 62

True

T/F: The number of electrons equals the number or neutrons ## Footnote Pg 62

FALSE: **The number of electrons equals the number or Protons** *TIP:* This means a complete atom has no net charge & is electronically neutral

What is the difference between an atomic number & a mass number? ## Footnote pg 62

**Atomic number**: Number of protons in nucleus of specific element * Upper number **Mass number**: Number of protons plus neutrons in one atom * Electrons do not contribute to mass of atom bc they are too light * Lower number **Example of atomic number**: *Hydrogen (H):* * Has **1 proton** = **Atomic number of 1** *Carbon (C):* * Has **6 protons** = **Atomic number of 6**

Electronically charged atom that gains/loses electrons in order to become stable

Ion

Positively charged ion Formed when atom loses electrons Attract anions to create a 3D structure ## Footnote pg 66

Cation

Negatively charged ion Formed when atoms gains electrons Attract cations to create a 3D structure

Anion

Strong chemical bonds formed when ions of opposite charge attract * Between cation & anion * *Dissociation in water* * **Lose/gain electrons** *3 steps*: 1. Transfer of an electron to form ion 2. Positive & negative ions are attracted to each other 3. Formation of bond *Example: NaCl*

Ionic bond

Chemical bond formed between atoms that **shared electrons** * Strong chemical bonds * *Can be polar/nonpolar* *Examples*: * Hydrogen (H) can combine to create a molecule = (H2) * Hydrogen molecule (H2) often combines w/ oxygen (O2) molecule = H2O * CO2

Covelent bond

Negative region of a molecule attracted to a postive region * weak, yet stable Example: In below 0 degree temp,hydrogen bonds between water create ice

Hydrogen bond

What is the maximun number of electrons that can be placed on each of the 3 rings of an *electron shell (space encircling neucleus)*?

Max: 18 *First shell*: 2 electrons *Second shell*: 8 electrons *Third shell*: 8 electrons

Elements present & number of each atom present in the molecule Examples: * Hydrogen molecule = H2 * Water molecule = H2O

Molecular formulas

What is the Molecular formula for glucose?

**C**6**H**12**O**6

What is the difference between a molecule & a compound?

**Molecule:** Particle formed when 2 or more atoms are chemically combined **Compound:** Particle formed when 2 or more atoms of different elements are chemically combined

Atoms share electrons equally Exist between atoms of the same element Attraction to electrons is based on the size of the nucleus (**electronegativity**) * The bigger the nucleus, the more electronegative an atom is * Atoms of same size have same size nucleus & need equal "pull" of electrons C & H atoms also form Examples found in carbon dioxide & most carbon-hydrogen bonds ## Footnote pg 67

Nonpolar covalent bonds

Electrons are not shared equally * *More electrons are on one end of the molecule making that end slightly negative, while the other end is slightly positive* Usually form where hydrogen atoms bond to & oxygen to nitrogen atoms *Example*: Water (H2O) ## Footnote pg 67-68

Polar covalent bonds

Hydrogen bonds are important for what 2 structures?

Protein Nucleic acids

Form / break bonds between atoms, ions, or molecules **Reactants**: Starting materials of reaction * The atom, ion, or molecule **Products**: Substances formed at the end of reactions ## Footnote pg 68

Chemical reaction

What are the 2 types of chemical reactions and how are they different? ## Footnote pg 68-69

**Synthesis reaction:** * 2 or more atoms, ions, or molecules formed to make a more complex structure * *Particularly important in growth of body parts & repair worn/damaged tissue* * **Symbolized : A+B = AB** **Decomposition reaction:** * Chemical bonds broken to form simpler atoms, ions, or molecules * *Digests nutrient molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream of the small intestines* * **Symbolized : AB = A+B**

what are 3 types of electolytes & their characteristics?

**Acid**: Substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) * Carbonic acid * Hydrochloric acid * Acetic acid * Phosphoric acid **Base**: Substance that releases ions that can combine w/ hydrogen ions * Sodium hydroxied * Potassium hydroxide * Magnesium hydroxide * Sodium bicarb (HCO3) **Salt**: Substance formed by the reaction between an acid & a base * Sodium chloride * Aluminum chloride * Magnesium sulfate

A system that tracts the number of decimal places in a hydrogen ion concentration * Extends from 0-14 **As hydrogen ions increase, the pH decreases** Blood is normally slightly more alkaline Illness can result when pH chnges **Normal: 7.35-7.45** **Acidic/ Acidosis: < 7.35** * *Makes one feel disoriented & fatigued* * Breathing may become difficult * *Can result from diarrhea, severe vomiting, diabetes, lung & kidney disease* **Alkalemia/ Alkalosis: > 7.45** * *Makes one feel agitated & dizzy* * *Caused by breathing rapidly at high altitudes, too many antiacids, high fever, anxiety, mild-mod vomiting* ## Footnote pg 70-71

pH scale

Chemical systems that resist pH change Has the **ability to maintain pH** by combining w/ hydrogen ions when they are in excess or donating hydrogen **Common systemin blood: Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system** ## Footnote pg 71

Buffer

How does the hydrogen ion concentrate compare between a solution as pH 6.4 & a solution of pH 8.4?

The solution 6.4 has 100x the hydrogen ion concetration of a solution at pH 8.4

What are 2 general types of chemicals, including those that take part in **metabolism (cell energy reaction)**? ## Footnote pg 71

Organic Inorganic

Compounds that **have carbon & hydrogen** Have *long chain/ring structures* that can form because of carbon atoms ability to form 4 covalent bonds **Many organic compouds dissolve in water (polar)** * **Most that dissolve in water do not release ions (AKA nonelectrolytes)** **Most dissolve in organic liquids (ether/alcohol) (Nonpolar)** ## Footnote pg 71

Organic compounds

What are examples of organic compounds? ## Footnote pg 84

**Carbs** * Provide main energy supply built of simple sugars **Proteins** * *Serve as structural materials, energy source, hormones, cell surface receptors, antibodies, & enzymes that speed chemical reactions w/o being consume* **Lipids** * Triglycerides (fats), phospholipids, & steroids **Nucleic acids** * The instructions that control activities, & direct protein synthesis

*Provide main energy* supply built of simple sugars * Diet 60% carbs, 30% fat,10% protein * *Water soluable* **Contain hydrogen *(H)*, carbon *(C)*, & oxygen *(O)*** * Ratio H to O is 2:1 (**C**6**H**12**O**6 = glucose) * Size classification: * **Monosaccharides**: *Single sugars - Glucose, Fructose* * **Disaccharides**: *Double sugars - Sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar)* * **Polysaccharides**: *Complex sugars (3+) - Starch, glycogen, **cellulose (humans cannot digest - considered dietary fiber)*** * Abundant in plants

Carbs (Organic compound)

*Serve as **structural materials, energy source, hormones, cell surface receptors/ wound healing**, antibodies, & **enzymes** that speed chemical reactions w/o being consume* * Use as last resort **Contains *C, H, O, N* & often *S*** **Building blocks = Amino acids** * Held together w/ peptide bonds **3D structure (conformations), primary source is amino acid sequence** * Can be *Denaturea (changes in 3D shape by breaking bonds - caused by heat/ extreme pH)* **Examples: Albumins, Hg**

Proteins (Organic compound)

Important component of cell membranes w/ several functions * Supply energy used to build cell parts * ***Triglycerides (fats - most abundant)**, phospholipids, & steroids* * *Insoluble in water (hydrophobic), but soluble in organic solvents* **Building blocks of triglycerides: 1 Glycerol, & 3 fatty acids** * Used for cellular energy (more engery per g than carbs) * **Contains C, H, & O** but has less O than carbs **Building blocks of phospholipids: 1 Glycerol, 2 fatty acids, Phosphate group** * Similar to triglycerides **Steroids include 4 rings of carbon atoms & are synthesized in body from cholesterol** * Component of cell membrane * Used to synthosize the adrenal & sex hormone **Example: Fat, cholesterol**

Lipids (Organic compound)

Carry genetic code (DNA) & direct protein synthesis (RNA) * **Contains *C, H, O, N, & P*** Encode amino acid sequence of protein **Building blocks: Nucleotides** * Consists of sugars (S), phosphate group (P), & organic bse (B) Genetic form: Polynucleotide chain **2 types**: * **DNA**: Store information used to construct proteins, found in nucleus, deoxyribose sugar * **RNA**: Help body synthesize proteins, found in cytoplasm & protein, ribose sugar

Nucleic acids (Organic compound)

What is the difference between *Deoxyribonucleic acid* **(DNA)** & *Ribonucleic acid* **(RNA)**? ## Footnote pg 84

**Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)**: * Store **genetic code** -replicated w/ an exact copy of original cells DNA * **Contains sugar deoxyribose** * Composed of nucleotides * Only found in the nucleus * **Double helix - (ATCGAT)** **Ribonucleic acid (RNA)**: * Interacts w/ DNA to conduct **protein synthesis** * **Contains sugar ribose** * Composed of nucleotides * Found in nucleus and cytoplasm * **Single stranded - (AUCGAU)**

Do not contain hydrogen (H) & carbon (C) Usually dissolve in water & **dissociate forming ions (Electrolytes)** Common compound substances found in the cell are water (H2O), oxygen (O2), carbon dioxied (CO2), & **inorganic salts (HCO3-, CL-, K+, ect)**

Inorganic compound

Most abundant compound in living material Medium for metabolic reactions Important role for transportation * Important *soluvent (dissolves things)* * Polar water molecules seperate in soluvent Can absorb & transport heat

Water (Inorganic compound)

Used by organelles to release energy from nutrients in order to drive cells metabolic activities * Necessary for survival *Blood carries Bicarb (HCO3-) to resp. organs*

Oxygen (Inorganic compound)

When is carbon dioxied released & how is removed from the body?

**Released** during metabolic reactions **Removed** through exhalation

What is the difference between saturated & unsaturated fats?

**Saturated fats:** * Have ***single** carbon-carbon bond* * Most are ***solid** at room temp* * *Most are **animal** orgin* * **Every H has a C** * Can raise LDL * **Ex: Beef, pork, eggs, coconut oil, ect** **Unsaturated fats:** * Have *1+ carbon-carbon **double** bond* * Most are ***liquid** at room temp* * *Most are **plant** orgin* * **Not every H has a C** * **Examples: Vegetable oils, nuts, fish, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated**

What happens when an acid and base combine?

They neutralize to form water and a salt

Which solution has the highest concentration of H+ ions? a) pH 0 b) pH 1 c) pH 7 d) pH 14

d) pH 14

Which solution has the lowest concentration of H+ ions? a) pH 0 b) pH 1 c) pH 7 d) pH 14

a) pH 0

When would buffers donate H+ ions in our blood?

Alkalosis

When would buffers absorb H+ ions in our blood?

acidosis

What has control over blood pH?

Bicarbonate

What happens if you change one amino acid in a protein?

You change its function and structure ex: sickle cell anemia

What are the 2 forms of endoplasmic reticulum?

**Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum (SER):** * No ribosomes attached and makes glycogen (polysaccharides), phospholipids, and steroids **Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER):** * Has ribosomes attached and modifies proteins given by ribosomes (little red dots)

Puts finishing touches on proteins, packages the protein into the vesicles, and ships the protein filled vesicles towards the plasma membrane and out of the cell (exocytosis) Think of UPS/ FEDEX/ Amazon

Golgi apparatus

Powerhouse of the cell Requires oxygen and uses it to burn glycose into **ATP (comes from Glycolisis)**

Mitochondria

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down and dispose of debris, old organelles, and bacteria that has been ingested (endocytosis) Think of garbage disposal

Lysosomes

Provides structure and movement for the cell Forms structures that undergo Mitosis Translates to "skeleton of the cell"

Cytoskeleton

What is a toxic bi-product of breaking down proteins and why is this the cause?

Ammonia * proteins contain nitrogen

**Are the following T or F?** 1. The *mouth* is **inferior** to the *nose* 2. The *breast bone* is **Lateral** to the *ribs* 3. The *toes* are **distal** to *ankle* 4. The *elbow* is **proximal** to the *wrist* 5. The *heart* is **posterior** to the *spine* 6. The*heart* is **inferior** to the *diaphragm* 7. The *skin* is **superficial** to *other body parts* 8. The *lungs* are **medial** to the *heart*

1. True 2. False - The *breast* bone is **medial** to the *ribs* 3. True 4. True 5. False - The *heart* is **anterior** to the *spine* 6. False - The*heart* is **superior** to the *diaphragm* 7. True 8. False - The *lungs* are **lateral** to the *heart*

What ovarian hormone is involved in a postive feedback loop w/ the hypothalamus & anterior pituitary? a.) Luteinizing hormone b.) Gonadotropian c.) Gonadotropian-relasing hormone d.) Estrogen e.) Proestrogen ## Footnote w1HW

d.) Estrogen

What hormone is released by the anterior pituitary as a part of the positive feedback loop between the anterior pituitary & the ovary? a.) Luteinizing hormone b.) Gonadotropian c.) Gonadotropian-relasing hormone d.) Estrogen e.) Proestrogen ## Footnote w1 HW

a.) Luteinizing hormone

What hormone is released by the corpus luteum in the ovary after ovulation & causes a negative feedback loop w/ the hypothalamus & anterior pituitary? a.) Luteinizing hormone b.) Gonadotropian c.) Gonadotropian-relasing hormone d.) Estrogen e.) Proestrogen ## Footnote w1 HW

e.) Proestrogen

which type of microbe is made up of single-celled orgainisms w/ no nucleus? a.) Viruses b.) Fungi c.) Protozoans d.) Bacteria ## Footnote w1 HW

d.) Bacteria

Which type of pathogen is not made up of cells, & must infect a cell to reproduce? a.) Viruses b.) Fungi c.) Protozoans d.) Bacteria ## Footnote w1 HW

a.) Viruses

sWhich type of pathogen usually has a cell wall made up of peptidoglycan? a.) Viruses b.) Fungi c.) Protozoans d.) Bacteria ## Footnote w1 HW

d.) Bacteria

Which pathogen is the smallest? a.) Viruses b.) Fungi c.) Protozoans d.) Bacteria ## Footnote w1 HW

a.) Viruses

Which pathogen is prokaryotic (single-celled)? a.) Viruses b.) Fungi c.) Protozoans d.) Bacteria ## Footnote w1 HW

d.) Bacteria

What pathogen can be treated w/ antibiodics? a.) Viruses b.) Fungi c.) Protozoans d.) Bacteria ## Footnote w1 HW

d.) Bacteria

Anatomy Quiz 1 Flashcards

(90 cards)