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Neurology - Sem 3 > Anatomy - Sem 3 > Flashcards

Anatomy - Sem 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is the hippocampus located?

What is its function?

A

Inferomedial part of the temporal lobe

Memory

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2
Q

Where is the amygdala located?

A

Anterior to the hippocampus

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3
Q

What are association fibers?

A

Connect cortical sites within the 1 cerebral hemisphere

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4
Q

What are commissural fibers?

A

Run from 1 cerebral hemisphere to the other, connect functionally related structures

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5
Q

What are projection fibers?

A

Pass between the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures such as the thalamus, striatum, brainstem, or spinal cord

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6
Q

What are examples of association fibers?

A

Superior & Inferior longitudinal fasciculus, Uncinate & Arcuate fasciculus

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7
Q

What are examples of commissural fibers?

A

Corpus callosum

Anterior commissure

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8
Q

What are examples of projection fibers?

A

Corona radiata

Internal capsule

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9
Q

What is the internal capsule found between?

A

Caudate nucleus

Thalamus

Putamen & Globus Pallidus

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10
Q

What is the function of the Broca’s area?

A

Production of language (Motor area) movements required for speech

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11
Q

What is the function of the Wernicke’s area?

A

Comprehension and understanding of written and spoken language

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12
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla Oblongata

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13
Q

Which cranial nerve nuclei does the brainstem contain?

A

CN 3 - 12

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14
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

Neurons in the brainstem which control consciousness, pain pereption, and respiratory and CVS

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15
Q

What are the 2 parts of the Dorsal columns?

A

Fasciulus gracilis (Medial)

Fasciculus cuneatus

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16
Q

Where does the cerebellum attach on the brainstem?

A

Pons via the cerebellar peduncles

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17
Q

What are the 5 branches of CN VII? (Top to bottom)

A

Temporal branch

Zygomatic branch

Buccal branch

Marginal Mandibular branch

Cervical branch

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18
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Equilibrium, posture and muscle tone, and coordination of movement

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19
Q

How many hemispheres does the cerebellum have?

What are the folds called?

A

2

Folia

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20
Q

What seperates the anterior lobe of the cerebellum from the posterior lobe?

A

Primary fissure

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21
Q

What are the 4 cerebellar nuclei?

A

Dentate nucleus

Emoliform nucleus

Globose nuclei

Fastigial nuclei

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22
Q

What are the 3 layers of the cerebellar cortex?

A

Mollecular layer (Outer)

Purkinje cell layer - Middle

Granular layer - Inner

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23
Q

What is the archi-cerebellum?

A

Flocculonodular lobe & Fastigal nuclei

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24
Q

What is the paleo-cerebellum?

A

Vermis & Globose + Emboliform nuclei

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25
What is the neocerebellum?
Cerebellar hemisphere & Dentate nuclei
26
What are the components of the basal ganglia?
Caudate nucleus & Putamen & Globus Pallidus
27
At what level is the cervical enlargement?
C4-T1
28
At what level is the lumbar enlargement?
L1-S3
29
What fibers are found in the dorsal nerve root?
Primary afferent neurons (Sensory)
30
Which fibers are found in the ventral nerve roots?
Carry efferent neurons (Motor)
31
How can you identify a cervical vertebrae?
Foramen transversarium
32
How can you identify a thoracic vertebrae?
Costal facets
33
How can you idenfity a lumbar vertebrae?
It doesnt have the foramen transversarium or costal facets
34
Where do the nerves exit the cervical vertebrae?
Superior to the corresponding vertebrae
35
Where do the nerves exit the Thoracic and Lumbar vertebrae leave?
Inferior to the corresponding vertebrae
36
What are the 2 components of the IV disc?
Annulus fibrosis & Nucleus pulposus
37
What movement does the anterior longitudinal ligament prevent?
Hyper-extension of the Vertebral column
38
What movement does the posterior longitudinal ligament prevent?
Hyper-flexion
39
What does the ligamentum flava join?
Laminae of adjacent vertebral arches
40
What does the interspinous ligament join?
Joins the spinous processes together
41
What movements do the atlanto-occipital joints permit?
Permits nodding of the head (Flexion and extension) & Sideways tilting of the head
42
What movement does the atlanto-axial joint allow?
Allows the head to be turned from side to side
43
What are the primary curvatures?
Thoracic and Sacral
44
What are the secondary curvatures?
Cervical and lumbar vertebrae
45
What are the 2 nerves make up the sciatic nerve?
Tibial nerve Common fibular nerve
46
What muscles does the sciatic nerve pass underneath?
Piriformis & Gluteus maximus
47
What are the 3 layers of the meninges?
Dura mater Pia mater Arachnoid mater
48
What are the 2 parts of the Dura mater?
Periosteal layer Meningeal layer
49
What sits in the hypophysial fossa?
Pituitary gland
50
Where do the dural venous sinuses drain into?
Internal Jugular Veins
51
What is the middle meningeal artery a branch of?
Maxillary artery
52
Where does the middle meningeal artery enter the cranium?
Foramen spinosum
53
Where does the middle meningeal vein run? Where does it drain?
Alongside the MMA Drains into the Pterygoid venous plexus
54
Where does the posterior meningeal artery branch from?
Ascending pharyngeal artery
55
What artery is the maxillary artery a branch of?
External carotid artery
56
What artery is the anterior meningeal artery a branch of?
Ethmoidal artery
57
What nerve supplies the anterior, middle, posterior cranial fossa?
Trigeminal nerve (CN 5)
58
Where is the Epidural space? Is it real?
Between the cranium and the periosteal layer of the dura No
59
What is the subdural space? Is it real?
Between the arachnoid and dura mater No
60
What is the sub-arachnoid space? Is it real?
Underneath the arachnoid mater and pia mater Yes, contains CSF in channels
61
What celebrates the cerebral hemispheres?
Falx cerebri
62
What are the 5 lobes of the brain?
Frontal, Parietal, Insula, Temporal lobe, Occipital lobe
63
What 2 arteries supply the cerebrum?
Internal carotid artery & Vertebral artery
64
What are the terminal branches of the ICA?
Anterior cerebral artery Middle cerebral artery
65
Where does the internal carotid artery arise from? Where does it enter the cranium?
Common carotid artery Carotid canal
66
What is the terminal branch of the vertebral artery?
Posterior cerebral artery
67
Where does the vertebral artery arise from? Where does it travel to get to the cranium?
Subclavian artery Through the transverse foramina C6 - Atlas
68
Where does the vertebral artery enter the cranium? What do they unite to form?
Foramen magnum Basilar artery
69
What do the following supply? ACA MCA PCA
* Frontal and parietal lobe * Temporal parietal and frontal (Most of medial part of brain) * Occipital lobe & temporal lobe
70
What veins drain the brain?
Cerebral & Cerebellar veins
71
What creates CSF? How much is secreted daily?
Choroid plexus 500mL
72
Which artery supplies the vertebrae?
Anterior spinal artery & Posterior spinal artery
73
Where does the anterior spinal artery arise from? Where does the posterior spinal artery arise from?
Vertebral artery Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
74
What arteries supply the lower parts of the spinal cord? (3)
Anterior & Posterior segmental artery Medullary arteries Radicular arteries
75
What is the venous drainage of the spinal cord?
Anterior & Posterior spinal veins
76
What is the metopic suture?
Where the frontal suture remains after birth, divides the frontal bones
77
What bones form the hard palate?
Maxillae & Palatine bones
78
What type of joint is the temperomandibular joint?
Synovial hinge joint
79
What goes through the cribiform plate?
Olfactory nerve
80
What goes through the optic canal?
CN II & Opthalmic arteries
81
What goes through the superior orbital fissure?
Opthalmic veins CN V1 CN 3 CN 4 CN 6
82
What goes through the foramen rotundum?
CN V2
83
What goes through the foramen ovale?
CN V3 Accessory meningeal artery
84
What goes through the foramen spinosum?
Middle Meningeal artery & Vein Meningeal branch of CN V3
85
What goes through the foramen lacerum?
Deep petrosal nerve ICA - travels across it
86
What goes through the foramen magnum?
Medulla Vertebral artery CN 11 Spinal arteries
87
What goes through the jugular foramen?
CN 9 CN 10 CN 11 IJV
88
What goes through the hypoglossal canal?
CN 12
89
What occupies the anterior cranial fossa?
Frontal lobes of the brain
90
What occupies the middle cranial fossa?
Pituitary gland, Temporal lobe etc.
91
What occupies the posterior cranial fossa?
Cerebellum Pons Medulla Oblongata Occipital lobe
92
What makes up the lateral wall of the orbit?
Zygomatic process of frontal bone Greater wing of sphenoid bone Orbital surface of zygomatic bone
93
What makes up the roof of the orbit?
Lesser wing of sphenoid bone Orbital plate of frontal bone
94
What makes up the medial wall of the orbit?
Sphenoid body Orbital plate of ethmoid bone Frontal process of maxillae Lacrimal bone
95
What makes up the floor of the orbit?
Orbital process of palatine bone Orbital surface of maxillary bone Zygomatic bone
96
Which nerve stimulates the production of lacrimal fluid?
CN 7 - PNS
97
Which nerve innervates the cornea?
CN V1
98
Which artery supplies the retina? Which vein supplies the retina?
Central artery of the retina Retinal veins
99
What are the 3 compartments in the eye?
Anterior chamber - Aqueous humour Posterior chamber - Aqueous humour Posterior compartment (Vitreous body) - Vitrous humour
100
Where is the origin and insertion of the Levator Palpebri Superioris? What is its action?
Lesser wing of sphenoid --- Skin of superior eyelid Elevation of the eyelid
101
Where is the origin and insertion of the superior rectus muscle? What is its action?
Common tendinous ring --- Sclera Elevation of eyeball
102
Where is the origin and insertion of the inferior rectus muscle? What is its action?
Common tendinous ring --- Sclera Depression of the eyeball
103
Where is the origin and insertion of the medial rectus muscle? What is its action?
Common tendinous ring --- Sclera Adduction of eyeball (Medial gaze)
104
Where is the origin and insertion of the lateral rectus muscles? What is the action?
Common tendinous ring --- Sclera Abduction of the eyeball (Lateral movement)
105
Where is the origin and insertion of the superior oblique muscles? What is the action?
Body of sphenoid --- through trochlea inserts into sclera medial rotation & moves out and down
106
Where is the origin and insertion of the inferior oblique muscles? What is the action?
Floor of orbit --- Sclera lateral rotation & moves out and up
107
What nerve innervates the LPS, superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, and inferior oblique?
CN 3
108
What nerve innervates the lateral rectus muscle?
CN 6
109
What nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle?
CN 4
110
What are the functions of the check ligaments?
Restricts excessive movement of the eyeballs
111
Which artery supplies the eyeball and orbit?
Opthalmic artery
112
What artery is the opthalmic artery a branch of?
Internal carotid artery
113
What are the 2 branches of the opthalmic artery?
Central artery of the retina Posterior ciliary arteries
114
What main vein drains the eyeball etc?
Cavernous sinus
115
Which 2 veins drain the eyeball?
Opthalmic vein & infra-orbital vein
116
What bone forms the inferior nasal conchae? What bone forms the superior and middle nasal conchae?
Inferior conchae bone Ethmoidal bone
117
Where is the opening of the sphenoidal sinus?
Spheno-ethmoidal recess
118
Where does the nasolacrimal duct open into?
Inferior nasal meatus
119
Where do the posterior and anterior ethmoidal arteries arise?
Opthalmic artery
120
Where do the sphenopalatine artery and greater palatine artery arise?
Maxillary artery
121
What arteries supply the nose? (4)
Anterior & Posterior ethmoid artery Sphenopalatine artery Greater palatine artery
122
Which veins drains the nose? (3)
Submucosal venous plexus - Facial vein, Sphenopalatine veins, opthalmic vein
123
What nerves innervate the nose? (4)
Olfactory nerve Nasopalatine nerve Anterior ethmoid nerve Nasal nerves
124
What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?
Frontal sinus Ethmoidal sinus Spenoidal sinus Maxillary sinus
125
What lines the paranasal sinuses?
Respiratory epithelium - Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
126
What nerve supplies the frontal sinus?
Supra-orbital nerves CN V1
127
What nerve innervates the ethmoidal cells?
Naso-ciliary nerves
128
What nerve innervates the sphenoidal sinus?
Ethmoidal nerves
129
What nerve innervates the maxillary sinuses?
Superior alveolar nerves - branch of maxillary nerve
130
Where are the palatine tonsils found?
Oropharynx sides
131
What nerve supplies the tensor veli palatini?
Medial pterygoid nerve (Branch of CN V3)
132
What nerve supplies the levator veli palatini, palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus, and musculus uvulae?
Pharyngeal branch of CN 10
133
Which muscles tense the soft palate? (3)
Tensor veli palatini Levator veli palatini Palatopharyngeus
134
Which muscle elevates the posterior part of the tongue?
Palatoglossus
135
Which muscle shortens the uvulae?
Musculus uvulae
136
Which arteries supply the palate? (2)
Greater palatine artery Lesser palatine artery
137
Which vein drains the palate?
Tributaries of the pterygoid venous plexus
138
Which nerves supply the palate?
Greater palatine nerve Lesser palatine nerve - Soft palate
139
Which arteries supply the ear?
Posterior auricular artery Superficial temporal artery
140
Which nerve supplies the auricle?
Great auricular nerve Auriculotemporal nerve - Branch of CN V3
141
Which nerve supplies the internal surface of the tympanic membrane? Which nerve supplies the external surface of the TM?
CN 9 CN V3
142
How is the eustachian tube actively opened?
Pulling on levator veli palatini & Tensor veli palatini
143
Which nerve supplies the eustachian tube?
CN 9
144
What is the action of tegmen tympani? What nerve supplies it?
Pulls handle of malleus medially CN V3
145
What is the action of stapedius? Which nerve innervates it?
Pulls stapes posteriorly CN 7
146
What is the pathway from the mouth and nose?
Nasopharynx --- Oropharynx --- Laryngopharynx --- Larynx --- Trache or Esophagus
147
What are the 3 pharyngeal constrictors?
Superior, Middle, Inferior constrictor
148
What is the origin and insertion of the superior constrictor? What is the action
O: Pterygoid Hamulus I: Pharygeal tubercle on basilar part of occipital bone Constriction of walls of pharynx during swallowing
149
What is the origin and insertion of the middle constrictor muscle? What is the action
O: Stylohyoid ligament, & Greater and lesser horns of hyoidà I: Pharyngeal raphe Constriction of walls of pharynx
150
What is the origin and insertion of the inferior constrictor muscle? What is the action?
O: Oblique line of thyroid cartilage and side of cricoid cartilage I: Pharyngo-esophageal junction Constriction of pharynx
151
What nerve innervates the pharyngeal constrictors?
Pharyngeal branch of CN 10
152
What are the 3 internal longitudinal pharyngeal muscles?
Palatopharyngeus Stylopharyngeus Salpingopharyngeus
153
What is the origin and insertion of Palatopharyngeus? What is the action?
O: Hard palate and palatine aponeurosis --- I: Posterior border of lamina of thyroid cartilage and side of pharynx and esophagus Elevate pharynx and larynx
154
What nerve innervates Palatopharyngeus & Stylopharyngeus? What innervates Salpingopharyngeus?
CN 10 CN 9
155
What 4 tonsils make up waldeyers ring?
Tubal tonsils Adenoid tonsils Palatine tonsils Lingual tonsils
156
At what vertebral level is the hyoid bone?
C3
157
What are the stylohyoid ligaments?
Suspend the hyoid bone from the styloid processes of the temporal bones
158
At what level is the thyroid cartilage? What level does the larynx extend to?
C4 C3-C6
159
What is the thyrohyoid membrane?
Attaches the superior border and superior horns to the hyoid
160
what are the 3 extrinsic laryngeal muscles? What is their action?
1. Infrahyoid muscles 2. Suprahyoid muscles 3. Stylopharyngeus muscles Move the larynx as a whole
161
What is the origin and insertion of the cricothryoid muscle? What is the action?
Cricoid cartilate --- inferior horn of thryoid cartilage Stretches vocal ligament
162
Which nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscle?
Superior laryngeal nerve
163
What is the origin and insertion of the thryo-arytenoid muscle? What is its action?
Thyroid --- arytenoid surface Relaxes vocal ligament
164
What is the origin and insertion of the posterior crico-arytenoid muscle? What is its action?
Cricoid cartilage --- Vocal process of arytenoid cartilage Abduction of vocal folds
165
What is the origin and insertion of the lateral crico-arytenoid? What is its action?
Cricoid cartilage --- Arytenoid cartilage Adduction of vocal folds
166
What is the origin and insertion of the transverse and oblique arytenoids? What is it?
Arytenoid cartilage --- Arytenoid cartilage Adduction of arytenoid cartilages
167
What is the origin and insertion of the vocalis muscle? What is its action?
Arytenoid cartilage --- vocal ligament Relaxes posterior vocal ligament & increase tension on anterior part
168
What nerve innervates the thyroartenoid, posterior + Lateral + transverse + oblique arytenoids, vocalis?
Inferior laryngeal nerve CN 10
169
What arteries supply the larynx? Where do these arteries originate?
Superior and inferior laryngeal arteries External carotid artery
170
Which veins drain the laryngeal veins? Where does the superior laryngeal vein empty? Where does the inferior laryngeal vein empty?
Superior laryngeal & inferior laryngeal vein IJV Left brachiocephalic vein
171
Which lymph nodes drain the larynx?
Superior deep cervical lymph nodes Inferior deep cervical lymph nodes
172
Where does CN VII leave the skull? Where does it exit the cranium?
Internal acoustic meatus Stylomastoid foramen
173
Where do the facial muscles originate in the embryo?
Mesoderm in the 2nd pharyngeal arches
174
What is the action of the occipitofrontalis muscle?
Elevates eyebrows and wrinkles skin on forehead
175
What is the action of the orbicularis oculi?
Closes the eyelids
176
What is the action of Corrugator supercilli?
Creates wrinkles above nose
177
What is the action of the transverse part of nasalis?
Wrinkles dorsum of nose
178
What is the action of the alar part of the nasali & levator labii superioris alaeque nasii?
Dilates anterior nasal aperture
179
What is the action of the orbicularis oris?
Closes oral fissure, and resists blowing (Distention)
180
What is the action of levator labii superioris?
Retract upper lip
181
What is the action of zygomaticus minor?
Retract upper lip
182
What is the action of buccinator?
Resists distention (Blowing up mouth)
183
What is the action of zygomaticus major?
Allows to smile or sneer
184
What is the action of levator anguli oris?
Widens oral fissure
185
What is the action risorius & depressor anguli oris?
Frown
186
What is the action of depressor labii inferioris?
retracts lips (Pouting, sadness)
187
What is the action of mentalis?
Elevates skin of chin
188
What is the action of platysma?
Tenses skin of inferior face and neck
189
What nerve supplies sensory innervation to the face? What nerve supplies motor innervation to the face?
CN 5 CN 7
190
Which artery supplies the facial muscles? Where does it originate?
Facial artery External carotid artery
191
What arteries supply the scalp?
Superficial temporal artery Posterior auricular artery Occipital artery
192
Which vein drains the facial muscles? Where does it drain into?
Facial vein IJV
193
What are the 4 papillae of the tongue?
Vallate papillae - V shape Foliate papillae Filiform papillae Fungiform papillae - mushroom shape
194
Which nerve supplies the motor innervation to the tongue muscles? Which nerve supplies palatoglossus?
CN 12 CN 10
195
Which nerve supplies the anterior 2/3 sensation? Which nerve supplies posterior 1/3 of tongue sensation?
CN V3 CN 9
196
What are the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Genioglossus Hyoglossus Styloglossus Palatoglossus
197
What is the origin and insertion of genioglossus muscle? What is its action?
Mental spine --- hyoid bone Depresses tongue
198
What is the origin and insertion of the hyoglossus muscle? What is its action?
Hyoid bone --- lateral tongue Depresses tongue
199
What is the origin and insertion of styloglossus? What is the action?
Stylohyoid ligament --- Sides of tongue Curls sides of tongue
200
What is the origin and insertion of the palatoglossus? What is its action?
Palatine aponeurosis --- Posterolateral tongue Elevates posterior tongue
201
What are the 4 intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Superior longitudinal muscle Inferior longitudinal muscle Transverse muscle Vertical muscle
202
What is the function of the longitudinal tongue muscles?
Make tongue short and thick
203
What is the function of the transverse and vertical muscle?
Make tongue long and narrow
204
Which arteries supply the tongue? (2) Where do they originate?
Dorsal lingual arteries Deep lingual arteries External carotid artery
205
Which veins drain the tongue? Where do they finally drain into?
Dorsal lingual veins Deep lingual veins IJV
206
What are the 3 salivary glands?
Parotid gland Submandibular gland Sublingual gland
207
What are the 4 layers of the deep cervical fascia?
Investing fascial layer Pretracheal layer Prevertebral layer Carotid sheath
208
What are the 4 regions in the anterior triangle?
Submandibular triangle Submental triangle Carotid triangle Muscular triangle
209
What are the 2 regions of the posterior triangle?
Occipital triangle Omoclavicular triangle (Subclavian)
210
What are the 4 suprahyoid muscles?
Mylohyoid muscle Geniohyoid muscle Stylohyoid muscle Digastric muscle
211
What is the origin and insertion of the mylohyoid muscle? What is its action? What nerve innervates it?
Mylohyoid --- body of hyoid Elevation of hyoid Nerve to mylohyoid from CN V3
212
What is the origin and insertion of the geniohyoid? What is its action? What nerve innervates it?
Mandible --- body of hyoid Widens pharynx CN 12
213
What is the origin and insertion of the stylohyoid? What is its action? What nerve innervates?
Digastric fossa of mandible (Anterior belly) & Mastoid notch --- Greater horn of hyoid Elevates hyoid & Depresses mandible Nerve to mylohyoid and CN 7
214
What are the 4 infrahyoid muscles?
Sternohyoid Omohyoid Sternothyroid Thyrohyoid
215
What is the origin and insertion of the sternohyoid? What is its action? What nerve supplies it?
Manubrium --- hyoid Depresses hyoid Ansa cervicalis
216
What is the origin and insertion of the omohyoid? What is its action? What nerve innervates it?
Scapula --- Hyoid Depression of hyoid Ansa cervicalis
217
What is the origin and insertion of the sternothyroid? What is the action? What nerve innervates it?
Sternum Depresses hyoid Ansa cervicalis
218
What is the origin and insertion of the thyrohyoid muscle? What is its action? What nerve innervates it?
Throid cartilage --- Hyoid Depresses hyoid CN 12
219
220
What are the 8 branches of the external carotid artery?
Ascending pharyngeal Superficial temporal Occipital Lingual Maxillary Posterior auricular Facial Superior thyroid
221
What 2 veins join to form the external jugular vein?
Retromandibular vein & Posterior auricular vein
222

Neurology - Sem 3 (15 decks)

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