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Semester 4 > Anatomy (Sem 4) > Flashcards

Anatomy (Sem 4) Flashcards

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1
Q

In which direction do the fibres of the external oblique muscle run, and where does this muscle attach?

A

Fibres run inferomedially (“hands in pockets”).

(Origin) Ribs 5-12 → Iliac crest,
pubic tubercle and linea alba (Insertion)

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2
Q

In which direction do the fibres of the internal oblique muscle run, and where does this muscle attach?

A

Fibres run superomedially (perpendicular to the external oblique).

(Origin) Inguinal ligament, iliac
crest, lumbodorsal fascia →
Ribs 10-12 (Insertion)

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3
Q

In which direction do the fibres of the transversus abdominis muscle run, and where does this muscle attach?

A

Fibres run horizontally.

(Origin) Inguinal ligament, costal
cartilages 7-12, iliac crest,
thoracolumbar fascia →
Conjoint tendon, xiphoid
process, linea alba, pubic
crest (Insertion)

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4
Q

Are there nerves running between the transversus abdominis and internal oblique muscles? What are these nerves a continuation of?

A

Yes, the intercostal nerves (T7–T11), subcostal nerve (T12), and iliohypogastric/ilioinguinal nerves (L1) run here. They are continuations of the thoracoabdominal nerves.

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5
Q

How does the inferior edge of the external oblique form the inguinal ligament, and what are its bony landmarks?

A

The inferior edge of the external oblique folds to form the inguinal ligament, which extends between the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and the pubic tubercle.

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6
Q

What forms the walls, roof, and floor of the inguinal canal?

A

Anterior wall: External oblique aponeurosis.

Posterior wall: Transversalis fascia.

Roof: Arching fibres of internal oblique and transversus abdominis.

Floor: Inguinal ligament.

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7
Q

What do the peritoneal folds on the anterior abdominal wall cover?

A

Median umbilical fold: Covers the urachus (remnant of the allantois).

Medial umbilical folds (2): Cover the obliterated umbilical arteries.

Lateral umbilical folds (2): Cover the inferior epigastric vessels.

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8
Q

What are the plane that form the 9 abdominal regions

A
  • two midclavicular planes
  • subcostal plane
  • transtubercular plane
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9
Q

What are the 9 abdominal regions

A

Right hypochondriac

Epigastric

Left hypochondriac

Right lumbar

Umbilical

Left lumbar

Right iliac

Hypogastric (suprapubic)

Left iliac

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10
Q

What forms the anterior and posterior walls of the rectus sheath, above the ASIS

A

Above ASIS:

Anterior wall: External oblique and half of the internal oblique aponeuroses.

Posterior wall: Half of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis aponeuroses.

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11
Q

What forms the anterior and posterior walls of the rectus sheath, below the ASIS

A

Below ASIS:

Anterior wall: All three aponeuroses.

Posterior wall: Transversalis fascia only (arcuate line).

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12
Q

Where does the rectus abdominis muscle attach, and what do the tendinous intersections fuse with?

A

Attaches from the pubic crest to the xiphoid process and costal cartilages (ribs 5–7). The tendinous intersections fuse with the anterior rectus sheath.

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13
Q

Where does the pyramidalis muscle attach?

A

From the pubic crest to the linea alba.

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14
Q

What and where is the arcuate line?

A

The arcuate line is a horizontal line on the posterior abdominal wall, located midway between the umbilicus and the pubic crest, marking the lower limit of the posterior rectus sheath.

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15
Q

What are the three major arteries supplying the gut, and what regions do they supply?

A

Celiac trunk: Foregut.

Superior mesenteric artery (SMA): Midgut.

Inferior mesenteric artery (IMA): Hindgut.

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16
Q

What level does the aorta give off the celiac trunk

A

T12

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17
Q

What level does the aorta give off the Superior mesenteric artery

A

L1

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18
Q

What level does the aorta give off the Inferior mesenteric artery

A

L3

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19
Q

What are the boundaries of the foregut, midgut, and hindgut?

A

Foregut: From the esophagus to the proximal duodenum (up to the major duodenal papilla).

Midgut: From the major duodenal papilla to two-thirds of the transverse colon.

Hindgut: From the distal one-third of the transverse colon to the rectum.

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20
Q

What does the celiac trunk branch into?

A

Left gastric artery

Splenic artery

Common hepatic artery

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21
Q

What does the left gastric artery supply?

A

Lesser curvature of stomach and lower oesophagus

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22
Q

What does the splenic artery branch into?

A

Supplies the spleen then gives off

Short gastric arteries, which supply the fundus of the stomach.

Left gastro-omental artery, which supplies the greater curvature of the stomach.

Pancreatic branches, which supply the pancreas.

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23
Q

What does the common hepatic artery branch into?

A

Proper hepatic artery

Gastroduodenal artery

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24
Q

What level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate

A

L4

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25
What does the proper hepatic artery branch into?
Right gastric artery, which supplies the lesser curvature of the stomach. Left and right hepatic arteries, which supply the liver. Cystic artery (via the right hepatic artery), which supplies the gallbladder.
26
What does the gastroduodenal artery branch into?
Right gastro-omental artery, which supplies the greater curvature of the stomach. Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery, which supplies the pancreas and duodenum.
27
What does the SMA branch into?
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery Jejunal and ileal arteries Ileocolic artery Right colic artery Middle colic artery
28
What does the ileocolic artery branch into?
Appendicular artery, which supplies the appendix. Colic branches, which supply the cecum. Ileal branches, which supply the terminal ileum.
29
What does the IMA branch into?
Left colic artery Sigmoid arteries Superior rectal artery
30
What are the greater omentum, lesser omentum, and the mesentery?
Greater omentum: A large apron-like fold of peritoneum hanging from the greater curvature of the stomach. Lesser omentum: Connects the lesser curvature of the stomach and the liver. The mesentery: Suspends the small intestine from the posterior abdominal wall.
31
What are the transverse mesocolon, sigmoid mesocolon, and mesoappendix?
Transverse mesocolon: Attaches the transverse colon to the posterior abdominal wall. Sigmoid mesocolon: Attaches the sigmoid colon to the posterior abdominal wall. Mesoappendix: Connects the appendix to the ileum and cecum.
32
What are the locations of the greater and lesser sacs?
Greater sac: The main part of the peritoneal cavity. Lesser sac: A smaller compartment posterior to the stomach and lesser omentum.
33
What are the boundaries of the lesser sac?
Anterior: Lesser omentum, stomach. Posterior: Pancreas. Superior: Diaphragm. Inferior: Transverse mesocolon.
34
What is the epiploic foramen, and what are its boundaries?
The epiploic foramen is the communication between the greater and lesser sacs. Boundaries: Anterior: Hepatoduodenal ligament. Posterior: Inferior vena cava. Superior: Caudate lobe of the liver. Inferior: First part of the duodenum.
35
What are the supracolic compartment, infracolic compartments, and paracolic gutters?
Supracolic compartment: Above the transverse colon, includes the stomach, liver, and spleen. Infracolic compartments: Below the transverse colon, separated into right and left by the mesentery. Paracolic gutters: Channels on the lateral sides of the ascending and descending colon.
36
In which anatomical regions is the stomach located?
Primarily in the left hypochondriac, epigastric, and umbilical regions.
37
What structures are related anteriorly to the stomach?
Anterior relations: Diaphragm, left lobe of the liver, and anterior abdominal wall.
38
What structures are related posteriorly to the stomach?
Posterior relations: Pancreas, spleen, left kidney, left adrenal gland, transverse colon, and lesser sac.
39
What are the intraperitoneal organs
SALTD SPRSS (remember both start with S and are the words salted press but without the e's) (all organs) Stomach Appendix Liver Transverse colon Duodenum (1st part) Small intestines Pancreas (tail) Rectum (upper 1/3) Sigmoid colon Spleen
40
What are the retroperitoneal organs
Suprarenal (adrenal) gland Aorta/inferior vena cava Duodenum (2nd + 3rd + 4th part) Pancreas (except tail) Ureters Colon (ascending and descending) Kidneys Esophagus Rectum
41
What is the anastomoses between foregut and midgut arterial supply
between superior pancreaticoduodenal and inferior pancreaticoduodenal
42
What is the anastomoses between midgut and hindgut arterial supply
middle colic of SMA and left colic of IMA via the marginal artery (of Drummond)
43
Describe the lymphatic drainage of the gut
Foregut organs - Celiac lymph nodes Midgut organs - Superior mesenteric lymph nodes Hindgut organs - Inferior mesenteric lymph nodes
44
What does the splenic vein drain, and what does it join?
Drains the spleen, pancreas, and stomach. Joins the superior mesenteric vein to form the portal vein.
45
What does the left gastric vein drain, and what does it join?
Drains the lesser curvature of the stomach and the esophagus. Joins the portal vein.
46
What does the right gastric vein drain, and what does it join?
Drains the lesser curvature of the stomach. Joins the portal vein.
47
What does the right gastroepiploic vein drain, and what does it join?
Drains the greater curvature of the stomach. Joins the superior mesenteric vein.
48
What does the left gastroepiploic vein drain, and what does it join?
Drains the greater curvature of the stomach. Joins the splenic vein.
49
What does the superior mesenteric vein drain, and what does it join?
Drains the jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, and transverse colon. Joins the splenic vein to form the portal vein.
50
What does the ileocolic vein drain, and what does it join?
Drains the ileum, cecum, and appendix. Joins the superior mesenteric vein.
51
What does the right colic vein drain, and what does it join?
Drains the ascending colon. Joins the superior mesenteric vein.
52
What does the middle colic vein drain, and what does it join? A:
Drains the proximal two-thirds of the transverse colon. Joins the superior mesenteric vein.
53
What does the inferior mesenteric vein drain, and what does it join?
Drains the descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum. Joins the splenic vein.
54
What does the left colic vein drain, and what does it join?
Drains the descending colon. Joins the inferior mesenteric vein.
55
What do the sigmoid veins drain, and what do they join?
Drain the sigmoid colon. Join the inferior mesenteric vein.
56
What does the superior rectal vein drain, and what does it join?
Drains the upper rectum. Joins the inferior mesenteric vein.
57
What does the portal vein drain, and where does it carry blood?
Drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract (foregut, midgut, and hindgut) and spleen. Carries blood to the liver for filtration.
58
What does the paraumbilical vein drain, and what does it connect to?
Drains the anterior abdominal wall. Connects to the portal vein, forming a part of portosystemic anastomoses.
59
What veins are involved in the esophageal anastomosis, and what condition can arise here?
Portal system: Left gastric vein. Systemic system: Esophageal veins (draining into the azygos system). Clinical condition: Esophageal varices. (and gastric)
60
What veins are involved in the rectal anastomosis, and what condition can arise here?
Portal system: Superior rectal vein. Systemic system: Middle and inferior rectal veins (draining into the internal iliac vein). Clinical condition: Rectal varices (also called hemorrhoids in systemic venous congestion).
61
What veins are involved in the umbilical anastomosis, and what condition can arise here?
Portal system: Paraumbilical veins (connected to the portal vein). Systemic system: Superficial epigastric veins (draining into the external iliac vein). Clinical condition: Caput medusae (enlarged veins radiating from the umbilicus).
62
Where is virchow's node located
A lymph node located in the left supraclavicular area, just above the collarbone
63
Where do the renal veins drain?
Both the right renal vein and left renal vein drain into the IVC.
64
What is the difference in length between the right and left renal veins?
The left renal vein is longer because the IVC is positioned closer to the right side of the body.
65
How does the left renal vein course in relation to surrounding structures?
The left renal vein passes anterior to the abdominal aorta and posterior to the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). (goes under the SMA)
66
Tell me about the left renal vein and its tributaries
Length: Typically longer than the right renal vein, averaging 6-7 cm. Course: Travels anterior to the abdominal aorta. Drainage: Empties into the inferior vena cava. Other Tributaries: Often receives the left adrenal and left gonadal veins in addition to the kidney's blood. Nutcracker Syndrome: Can be compressed by surrounding structures, leading to nutcracker syndrome.
67
Tell me about the right renal vein
Drains the right kidney
68
Where does the right gonadal and suprarenal veins drain into
DIrectly into the IVC
69
At what vertebral level do the renal arteries arise? and from where
L1-L2 (level of the intervertebral disc) from the abdominal aorta
70
How does the right renal artery differ from the left renal artery in its course?
The right renal artery is longer and passes posterior to the inferior vena cava (IVC) to reach the right kidney.
71
What are the circular folds in the small intestine called
Plicae Circulares ( not found in the colon)
72
The coeliac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric lymph nodes drain into the
Intestinal lymphatic trunk
73
What is the order of structures in the renal hilum from anterior to posterior is:
Renal vein Renal artery Renal pelvis (which leads to the ureter)
74
Order of structures that urine passes from the nephron to the ureter
Minor Calyces collect urine from the renal papillae. Minor Calyces merge to form a major calyx Major calyces then drain into the renal pelvis, which narrows to become the ureter. So in Summary it’s: - Renal papillae → Minor Calyx → Major Calyx → Renal Pelvis → Ureter
75
What is the lymphatic drainage of the kidney
Lymph from the kidney drains into the para-aortic (Lumbar) lymph nodes which are located around the renal artery. They drain into the lumbar trunks. Lumbar Trunks unite with Intestinal trunks to form Cisterna Chyli.
76
Two superficial fascias of the abdomen
Campers' and Scarpa's fascia are layers of the superficial fascia in the abdominal wall, located below the skin and superficial adipose tissue. Campers' fascia is the outer, fatty layer, while Scarpa's fascia is the inner, membranous layer
77
What type of epithelium lines the male urethra
Prostatic urethra: (and pre-prostatic) - Lined by transitional epithelium (same as the bladder). Membranous urethra: - Lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Spongy (penile) urethra: - Proximally: Pseudostratified columnar epithelium. - Distally (near the external orifice): Stratified squamous epithelium.
78
What type of muscle forms the bladder wall?
The detrusor muscle, composed of smooth muscle.
79
What is the arterial supply to the bladder?
Superior vesical arteries supply the superior part. Inferior vesical arteries (males) or vaginal arteries (females) supply the inferior part.
80
What is the venous drainage of the bladder?
Through the vesical venous plexus, which drains into the internal iliac veins.
81
Where does lymph from the bladder drain?
To the external iliac lymph nodes, with contributions to the internal iliac lymph nodes.
82
What is the trigone of the bladder?
Triangular area on the internal posterior wall, bordered by the openings of the ureters (superiorly) and the internal urethral orifice (inferiorly).
83
Where is the prostate gland located?
The prostate is located inferior to the bladder, anterior to the rectum, and surrounds the prostatic urethra.
84
What are the 3 zones of the prostate
Peripheral zone Central zone Transitional zone and anterior fibromuscular stroma
85
Parts of urethra and the order it goes
pre-prostatic (intramural), prostatic, membranous, and spongy (or penile, or bulbous) urethras
86
What is the venous drainage of the prostate?
Through the prostatic venous plexus, which drains into the internal iliac veins and communicates with the vertebral venous plexus.
87
Where does lymph from the prostate drain?
To the internal iliac lymph nodes, sacral lymph nodes, and partially to the external iliac lymph nodes.
88
What is the clinical significance of the prostate's venous drainage communicating with the vertebral venous plexus?
It allows for potential metastasis of prostate cancer to the spine.
89
What condition is characterized by enlargement of the prostate that compresses the urethra?
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH).
90
Which part of the bladder remains smooth when empty & lacks rugae?
Trigone Function: It helps funnel urine towards the urethra during micturition.
91
Which level does the hyoid bone lie at?
C3
92
Which level does the upper border of the thyroid cartilage lie at?
C4 (Full thing usually lies at C4-C5)
93
What level does the cricoid cartilage lie at?
C6
94
Where is the thyroid gland located?
The thyroid gland is located in the anterior neck, spanning the C5-T1 vertebral levels, anterior to the trachea, and inferior to the larynx.
95
What are the thyroid gland anatomical relations
The isthmus of the thyroid gland covers the 2nd - 4th tracheal rings The inferior border of the lobes of the thyroid gland lie at the level of the 4th/5th tracheal rings The apex of the thyroid lobe extends to the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage The carotid sheath lies posterolateral to the lateral lobe Sternothyroid and sternohyoid lie anterior to the isthmus of the thyroid gland?
96
What are the two main lobes of the thyroid gland?
The thyroid has two lobes: right and left, connected by a central isthmus.
97
What is the pyramidal lobe of the thyroid gland?
A remnant of the thyroglossal duct, present in about 50% of individuals, extending superiorly from the isthmus.
98
What are the arteries supplying the thyroid gland?
Superior thyroid artery (branch of the external carotid artery). Inferior thyroid artery (branch of the thyrocervical trunk). Occasionally, the thyroid ima artery (arises from the brachiocephalic trunk or aorta). (rare)
99
What veins drain the thyroid gland?
Superior thyroid vein → Internal jugular vein. Middle thyroid vein → Internal jugular vein. Inferior thyroid vein → Brachiocephalic vein.
100
Where does lymph from the thyroid gland drain?
Prelaryngeal (Delphian) nodes → Superior deep cervical nodes. Pretracheal and paratracheal nodes → Inferior deep cervical nodes.
101
What nerves innervate the thyroid gland?
Sympathetic fibers from the cervical sympathetic ganglia and parasympathetic input from the vagus nerve (CN X).
102
What is the clinical significance of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in thyroid surgery?
The recurrent laryngeal nerve runs near the thyroid gland and can be injured during surgery, leading to hoarseness or loss of voice.
103
What hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?
Thyroxine (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3) Calcitonin
104
What is a thyroglossal cyst?
A midline neck cyst formed from a persistence of the thyroglossal duct, often presenting as a swelling that moves with swallowing.
105
Where are the parathyroid glands located?
The parathyroid glands are located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland, typically as four small glands (two superior and two inferior).
106
What arteries supply the parathyroid glands?
Primarily supplied by the inferior thyroid artery (from Thyrocervical trunk), with contributions from the superior thyroid artery (from external carotid).
107
4 fascias found on a transverse section of C7
Investing fascia Pretracheal fascia Carotid sheath Prevertebral fascia

Semester 4 (14 decks)

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