BSS (Sem 4) Flashcards
(41 cards)
Self regulatory model of illness
Aka common sense model
Starts with health threat which leads to a cognitive representation and emotional representation
Cognitive representation:
Identify
Cause
Timeline
Consequences
Curabilty
Emotional representation:
How it makes us feel
All leads to coping behaviors in which you two types:
Approach or problem solving
Avoidance/denial
This then leads to appraisal of behaviour to see if it helped with dealing with the health treat or not and once u appraise your behavior it loops back to the health threat if circumstances change
What is the health belief model
A model that suggests that the likelihood of someone adopting a behaviour depends on:
- Perceived susceptibility
- Perceived severity
- Perceived costs
- Perceived benefits
- Cues to action
- Health motivation
- Perceived control
- Self-efficacy
What is quality of life
“It is a broad ranging concept affected in a complex way by a person’s physical health, psychological state, level of independence, social relationships and their relationship to salient features in their environment.”
What is health-related quality of life
The impact of disease or illness on key aspects of physical, social and psychological functioning
this is different to their QoL as that is a person’s general evaluation of their life and how to aligns to their values, goals and expectation
How can we measure QoL
Using Quality adjusted life year (QALY) which is a measure of the state of health of a person or group in which the benefits in terms of length of life, are adjusted to reflect the QoL
One QALY is equal to 1 year of life in perfect health
How do you measure health status
Objective measure:
- Mortality rates
- Morbidity rates
- Measure of functioning (what extent can you do certain tasks)
Subjective measure:
- QoL
What are patient reported outcome measure (PROMS)
Standardised, validated questionnaires that are completed by patients to ascertain:
* Perceptions of their health status
* Perceived level of impairment
* Disability
* Health-related quality of life
They are increasingly used in clinical setting to inform individual patient care
Benefits of using PROMS
Benefits of using PROMS in clinical practice:
* Promotes active patient involvement
* Provides patient-centred focus in consultations
* Facilitates tailored and holistic care which can improve QoL
* Enables standardised monitoring of patient outcomes
Give me and example of 2 generic measure of QoL and 1 illness specific
Generic:
- Short form-36 (SF-36)
- Nottingham health profile
Illness specific:
- Arthritis impact measurement scale 2 (AIMS-2)
Give an example of an individualised test for QoL
- Schedule for Evaluating Individual Quality of Life (SEIQoL)
What is the definition of shared decision-making
Shared decision-making involves collaboration between patients (or their agents) and physicians, balancing medical expertise and patient preferences.
Studies show that patients and families generally prefer this model over strict autonomy or paternalism.
What are the types of shared decision-making
Patient/Agent-Driven: Patients make decisions independently based on physician-provided information.
Physician Recommendation: Physicians make value-based recommendations aligned with the patient’s values.
Equal Partners: Decisions are mutual, requiring understanding and respect for each other’s perspectives.
Informed Nondissent: Physicians decide based on patient values; patients tacitly approve or veto.
Physician-Driven: Physicians independently make value-neutral decisions, involving patients whenever relevant.
the psychological theories of addiction
- Classical Conditioning:
Addiction-related stimuli (e.g., environments, people, paraphernalia) become associated with the effects of substance use.
These cues trigger cravings, even in the absence of the substance.
- Operant Conditioning:
Substance use is reinforced by positive effects (e.g., euphoria) or negative reinforcement (e.g., relief from stress or withdrawal symptoms).
Over time, the behavior becomes habitual as individuals seek to maximize rewards or minimize discomfort.
- Social Learning:
Learning actions from other people (younger people copying adults, or like copying shows that shows smoking looks cool (like in peaky blinders) and peer pressure also - Moral model: addiction as a result of weakness and lack of moral fibres
- Biomedical model: addiction treated as a disease
4 stages of addiction
Initiation
Maintenance
Cessation
Relapse
Stages of cessation
Just like transtheortical model of change
Precontemplation
contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
Can shift between the 5 stages
What is the purpose of the CAGE questionnaire?
To briefly screen for problematic alcohol use during general history taking.
What does A in CAGE stand for
A – Annoyed
Question: Have people annoyed you by criticizing your drinking?
Follow-Up Questions:
Who has expressed concerns about your drinking?
How have these comments made you feel?
Additional Assessment:
Assess impact on relationships: “How has alcohol affected your relationships with family, friends, or colleagues?”
Explore the patient’s perspective on feedback: “Do you agree with their concerns?”
What does C in CAGE stand for
C – Cut Down
Question: Have you ever felt you should cut down on your drinking?
Follow-Up Questions:
When did you first notice an increase in your alcohol intake?
Are there specific situations or triggers that lead you to drink more?
Additional Assessment:
Explore patterns of increased consumption: “How often do you drink, and at what times of the day?”
Quantify intake: “How much do you typically drink on an average day?”
What does A in CAGE stand for
Question: Have you ever felt bad or guilty about your drinking?
Follow-Up Questions:
Can you recall specific incidents that made you feel this way?
Do you feel your drinking conflicts with your values or responsibilities?
Additional Assessment:
Investigate psychological dependence: “Do you feel a need to drink or experience negative emotions like guilt, anger, or anxiety when you don’t drink?”
Examine coping mechanisms: “Have you tried to address this guilt in any way?”
What does E in CAGE stand for
Question: Have you ever had a drink first thing in the morning to steady your nerves or get rid of a hangover?
Follow-Up Questions:
How often do you feel the need for a morning drink?
What symptoms or feelings does the drink alleviate?
Additional Assessment:
Screen for biological dependence: “If you stop drinking, do you experience shakes, sweating, nausea, or other withdrawal symptoms?”
Evaluate support and attempts to stop: “Have you tried to quit drinking before, and what challenges did you face?”
What does AUDIT questionnaire stand for and what do the scores mean
AUDIT (Alcohol use disorders identification test)
10 questions scored from 0 to 4
● 0 to 7 indicates low risk
● 8 to 15 indicates increasing risk
● 16 to 19 indicates higher risk,
● 20 or more indicates possible dependence
How long does it take for a healthy liver to break down one unit of alcohol?
1 hour
What is the UK Chief Medical Officers’ advised maximum safe level of alcohol consumption per week for men? (link below)
14 units per week
You should also have 2-3 alcohol-free days per week
Alcohol harm paradox
Men and women in living in the most deprived areas tend to drink less alcohol on average, but drinkers in those areas suffer a greater level of harm from alcohol- this is known as the alcohol harm paradox. Read more about the alcohol harm paradox on the Alcohol Change UK website [Resource link below]
