Anatomy Session 2: Oesophagus to Anys

Question 1

Answer 1

cystic duct

Question 2

Which vein does the gut drain its venous blood towards?

Answer 2

Venous blood from the gut drains towards the hepatic portal vein towards the Liver. It is then filtered through the Liver before being returned to the IVC.

Question 3

Answer 3

hepatic artery proper

Question 4

identify the peritoneal folds indicated by the markers

Answer 4

1. transverse mesocolon
2. mesentary

Question 5

The rectum and anus are therefore a site of WHAT?

Answer 5

The rectum and anus are therefore a site of portosystemic anastomoses.

Question 6

Answer 6

common hepatic duct

Question 7

The arterial branches from the superior mesenteric artery that supply the small intestine form arcades and have vasa recta (straight vessels) emanating from those arcades to the intestine itself.

The appearance of the arcades and vasa recta differs as the intestine progresses from jejunum to ileum. How?

Answer 7

jejunum: long vasa recta and fewer loops - A

ileum: larger arcades and vasa recta are shorter - B

Question 8

what is the ampulla of Vater?

Answer 8

The ampulla of Vater is the spot where the pancreatic and bile ducts release their secretions into the intestines.

Question 9

The gastroepiploic artery (GEA) is made up of two arteries which supply the WHAT? (2)

Answer 9

greater omentum and stomach

Question 10

Answer 10

short gastric !

Question 11

The attachment site of the liver to the right diaphragm is known as the WHAT area?

Answer 11

The attachment site of the liver to the right diaphragm is known as the bare area​

Question 12

what forms the inferior borderof the external oblique? (2). what does it form?

Answer 12

ASIS and the pubic tubercle
forms the inguinal ligament

Question 13

which part of the gut is the appendix in?

foregut

midgut

hindgut

Answer 13

which part of the gut is the appendix in?

foregut

midgut

hindgut

Question 14

what anatomical position does the pancreas have the stomach?

a) anterior
b) inferior
c) superior
d) posterior

Answer 14

what anatomical position does the pancreas have to the stomach?

a) anterior
b) inferior
c) superior

d) posterior

Question 15

identify the branches of the coeliac trunk that the arrow points to and note what they are supplying.

Answer 15

common hepatic artery

Question 16

Answer 16

gastroduodenal

Question 17

what is this thing in the middle?

Answer 17

mesocolon

Question 18

The inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) branches into WHAT? (3)

Answer 18

left colic, sigmoidal and superior rectal arteries

Question 19

how would you describe the blood supply to the recutm?

Answer 19

dense blood supply !

Question 20

Answer 20

right gastroepiploic

Question 21

jejunum or ileum?

Answer 21

ileum

Question 22

Answer 22

fundus

Question 23

which part of the small intestine is the site of maximum absorbtion?

duodenum

jejunum

ileum

Answer 23

which part of the small intestine is the site of maximum absorbtion?

duodenum

jejunum

ileum

Question 24

The hindgut starts where?
and ends where?

Answer 24

The hindgut begins 2/3 of the way along the transverse colon. it ends at the anus.

Question 25

label each of the 4 parts of the duodenum which part is most clinicall relevant? why

Answer 25

most clinically relevent: **descending - has bile and pancreatic ducts draining into it**

Question 26

How would you describe the usual position of the appendix? retrocaecal inferocaecal superiocaecal anteriocaecal

Answer 26

How would you describe the usual position of the appendix? **retrocaecal** inferocaecal superiocaecal anteriocaecal

Question 27

1. what is the name of the region of the colon when the ascending colon abrputly turns to become the transverse colon? 2. what is the name of the region of the colon when the transverse colon abrputly turns to become the descedning colon?

Answer 27

**1. hepatic flexure (**bc next to the liver) 2. **splenic flexure**

Question 28

what is the major artery seen here?

Answer 28

**inferior mesenteric artery**

Question 29

what are the 3 rectal arteries?

Answer 29

**superior rectal artery middle rectal artery** **inferior rectal artery**

Question 30

what covers the rectus abodminis?

Answer 30

**rectus sheath**

Question 31

The lower oesophageal sphincter is a physiological sphincter, not an anatomical sphincter. Which anatomical structures help to reinforce this sphincter? Diaphragm Left atria pancreas upper oesophageal sphincter left lobe of the liver

Answer 31

The lower oesophageal sphincter is a physiological sphincter, not an anatomical sphincter. Which anatomical structures help to reinforce this sphincter? **Diaphragm** Left atria pancreas upper oesophageal sphincter left lobe of the liver

Question 32

The nerve supply to the gut is both sympathetic and parasympathetic. Which nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the foregut and the midgut

Answer 32

vagus nerve

Question 33

Answer 33

common bile duct

Question 34

Is the sigmoid colon intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

Answer 34

intraperitoneal

Question 35

how would you descrbe the duodenum with regards to its position in the peritoneum?

Answer 35

The duodenum is **largely retroperitoneal**, and found on the posterior abdominal wall.

Question 36

what is the most common position of the appendix?

Answer 36

retrocaecal

Question 37

whats the white bit that the external oblique ends?

Answer 37

**aponeurotic region**

Question 38

The anterior abdominal wall is comprised of THREE anterolateral muscle layers. From superficial to deep, these are: WHAT? (3) which direction do the muscle fibres run in?

Answer 38

* *external oblique**: anteterior inferior direction * *internal oblique**: posterior inferior direction * *transverses abdominis:** transverse direction

Question 39

What is inflammation of the peritoneum called?

Answer 39

peritonitis

Question 40

is the transverse colon intra or retroperitoneal?

Answer 40

**intraperitoneal !**

Question 41

Answer 41

**ampulla of vater**

Question 42

which of these is each part of the small intestine

Answer 42

Question 43

describe the venous drainage of the rectum

Answer 43

superior rectal vein --\> **inferior mesenteric artery** middle rectal artery --\> **internal iliac vein** inferior rectal artery --\> **pudendal vein**

Question 44

Answer 44

left gastric

Question 45

If pressure within the abdomen increased which part of the stomach would be most likely to be pushed superiorly through the oesophageal hiatus? fundus body antrum phylorus

Answer 45

If pressure within the abdomen increased which part of the stomach would be most likely to be pushed superiorly through the oesophageal hiatus? **fundus** body antrum phylorus * Decreased abdominal muscle tone and increased pressure within the abdominal cavity could lead to the development of a hiatal hernia.* * Thus, people who are obese and women who are pregnant may be at an increased risk for developing a hiatal hernia.* * A hiatus hernia is when the fundus of the stomach passes through the oesophageal hiatus so stomach acid can pass into the oesophagus.*

Question 46

describe position of the pancreas in relation to the spleen

Answer 46

The pancreas is located behind the stomach, extending from the duodenum to the spleen, where its tail comes promxial to spleen the spleen is located **left** to the stomach in contact with the tail of the spleen in the left upper part of the abdomen.

Question 47

name the artery that the following branch directly from superior rectal artery middle rectal artery inferior rectal artery

Answer 47

superior rectal artery: **inferior mesenteric artery** middle rectal artery: **internal iliac artery** inferior rectal artery: **pudendal**

Question 48

which two bony landmarks does the inguinal ligament run between?

Answer 48

**anterior superior iliac crest** of the ilium to the **pubic tubercle** of the pubic bone.

Question 49

Answer 49

**linea alba**

Question 50

ileum or jejunum?

Answer 50

**ileum**

Question 51

Answer 51

**inguinal ligament**

Question 52

At which vertebral level does the oesophagus pass through the diaphragm?

Answer 52

t10

Question 53

jejunum or ileum?

Answer 53

**jejunum**

Question 54

what is the highlighted yellow structure?

Answer 54

lesser omentum !

Question 55

which organ is attached to the posterior surface of the greater omentum?

Answer 55

**transverse colon**

Question 56

identify the branches of the coeliac trunk that the arrow points to and note what they are supplying.

Answer 56

**superior pancreaticduodenal**

Question 57

_Which of the following statements about the hepatic portal vein are true?_ The inferior mesenteric vein drains into the superior mesenteric vein The hepatic portal vein is a union of the splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein At the liver, the hepatic portal vein splits into anterior and posterior veins The splenic vein receives the inferior mesenteric vein

Answer 57

_Which of the following statements about the hepatic portal vein are true?_ The inferior mesenteric vein drains into the superior mesenteric vein **The hepatic portal vein is a union of the splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein** At the liver, the hepatic portal vein splits into anterior and posterior veins **The splenic vein receives the inferior mesenteric vein**

Question 58

Which structure helps to prevent heartburn? upper oesophageal sphincter lower oesophageal sphincter phyloric sphincter

Answer 58

Which structure helps to prevent heartburn? upper oesophageal sphincter **lower oesophageal sphincter** phyloric sphincter

Question 59

Which nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the hindgut? Vagus nerve pelvic splachnic nerves pudendal nerve phrenic nerce

Answer 59

Which nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the hindgut? Vagus nerve **pelvic splachnic nerves** pudendal nerve phrenic nerce

Question 60

what are the three muscles layers of the stomach?

Answer 60

**longitudinal circular oblique**

Question 61

identify the peritoeal folds indicated by the markers !

Answer 61

1. falicform ligament 2. greater omentum

Question 62

what level do u find the a) coelaic trunk? b) SMA? c) IMA?

Answer 62

a) coelaic trunk: **T12** b) SMA: **L1** c) IMA: **L3**

Question 63

What anatomical relationship does the greater omentum have to the stomach? a) anterior b) inferior c) superior d) posterior

Answer 63

What anatomical relationship does the greater omentum have to the stomach? a) anterior **b) inferior** c) superior d) posterior

Question 64

The superior mesenteric artery (SMA) branches into .. WHAT ? (4)

Answer 64

The superior mesenteric artery (SMA) branches into j**ejunal, ileocolic, right colic and middle colic arteries**

Question 65

Answer 65

external oblique

Question 66

The three main branches of the **coeliac trunk** are the?

Answer 66

**left gastric artery common hepatic artery splenic artery.**

Question 67

what specific feature does the ileum have way more of than the duodenum and jejunem dont have?

Answer 67

**peyers patches**