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Anatomy Test 1 Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Structural organization of the human body

A 
chemical level
cellular level
tissue level
organ level
system level
organismal level
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2
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

ensures that the body’s internal environment remains constant despite changes inside and outside the body

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3
Q

What happens in a negative feedback system?

A

reverse change in a controlled condition

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4
Q

What happens in a positive feedback system?

A

strengthens a change in a controlled condition

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5
Q

Integumentary system

A

Helps regulate body temp., protects, eliminates waste,makes vitamin D, sensations

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6
Q

Skeletal system

A

supports, protects, muscle attachment, body movements, stores cells, minerals, and lipids.

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7
Q

muscular system

A

body movements, maintains posture, produces heat

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8
Q

Nervous system

A

Helps body react accordingly

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9
Q

Endocrine system

A

chemical regulations

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10
Q

cardiovascular system

A

heart pumps blood through the body, needed nutrients get to cells and waste products are put out

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11
Q

lymphatic system and immunity

A

returns proteins and fluid to blood, carries lipids, protects against disease causing microbes

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12
Q

Respiratory system

A

Oxygen to cells up and going healthy

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13
Q

Digestive system

A

Break down larger food particles

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14
Q

Urinary system

A

regulates the pH of our blood

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15
Q

Reproductive system

A

Gonads produce sperm, release hormones, store gametes, mammary glands produce milk.

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16
Q

Define sign

A

Any objective evidence of disease that can be observed or measured, such as lesion, swelling, fever

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17
Q

Define symptom

A

A subjective change in body function not apparent to an observer, such as pain or nausea, that indicates the presence of a disease or disorder of the body

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18
Q

Define anatomical position

A

head is level, the eyes face forward, the upper limbs are at the sides, the palms face forward, and the feet are flat on the floor

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19
Q

Superior

A

toward the head or upper part of the structure

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20
Q

Inferior

A

away from the head or the lower part of the structure

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21
Q

Anterior

A

nearer to or at the front of the body

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22
Q

Posterior

A

near to or at the back of the body

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23
Q

Medial

A

nearer to the midline (midsagittal plane)

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24
Q

Lateral

A

Farther from the midline ot midsagittal plane

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25
Proximal
Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk
26
Distal
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk
27
Superficial
Toward or on the surface of the body
28
Deep
Away from the surface of the body
29
Sagittal
divides the body into left and right portions (equal)
30
Median
divides the body into equal left and right portions
31
Frontal
divides the body into anterior and posterior parts (coronal)
32
Transverse
divides body into superior and inferior parts
33
Define Chemical Element
All forms of matter are made up of a limited number of building blocks
34
Define atom
the smallest units of matter that retain the properties and characteristics of the element
35
Define Ion
when a atom gives up or gains an electron
36
Define molecule
when two or more atoms share electrons
37
Define compound
substance containing atoms of two or more different elements
38
Define valence electrons and what role do they play in chemical bonds?
The chance that an atom will form a chemical bond with another atom depends on the number of electrons in its outermost shell
39
What role does ATP play in chemical reactions?
In chemical reactions, breaking old bonds requires an input of energy and forming new bonds.
40
Glycogen is stored in
cells of liver and in skeletal muscles
41
Define pH and how it keeps within the limits of homeostatic
A measure of concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution and buffer system
42
Carbohydrate functions
sugars and starches | categorized by monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
43
Lipid functions
Neutral fats (triglycerides) – stored fat deposits Phospholipids – form cellular membranes Steroids – lipid-based hormones, cholesterol, bile salts, & vitamin D
44
Protein functions
Function as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies If a protein encounters a hostile environment in which temperature, pH, or ion concentration is significantly altered, it may unravel and lose its characteristic shape
45
DNA
Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine
46
RNA
Adenine, Guanine, Uracil, Cytosine
47
The process that water uses to move through the selectively permeable membrane
Osmosis
48
What makes up the plasma membrane?
Selectively permeable Lipid barrier consists of two back to back phospholipid layers Lipid bilayer contains numerous proteins Membrane proteins function as channels, receptors and cell identity markers
49
What happens to a red blood cell after its place into a hypotonic and hypertonic solution?
Hypotonic-swells | Hypertonic-Shrinks
50
Define ribosomes
site of protein synthesis
51
Define: Rough ER
Ribosomes are attached to the outer surface
52
Define Smooth ER
fatty acids, steroid, lipid synthesis, detoxification
53
Define golgi complex
processing, sorting, packaging, and delivering proteins and lipids to the plasma membrane
54
Define Mitochondria
Power house of ATP
55
Define lysosomes
digestive enzymes
56
2 major steps of the synthesis of a protein
transcription and translation
57
Stages of somatic cell division
Interphase, mitosis, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
58
What cells aren't capable of cell division?
Skeletal muscle cells, nerve cells
59
What are the 4 basic types of tissue that makes up the body?
Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
60
What type of tissue is always avascular
epithelial
61
Function of epithelial tissue?
Covers body surfaces
62
Function of connective tissue?
protects and supports the body, stores energy, provides immunity
63
Differences between the 3 types of muscular tissue?
skeletal- attached to bones cardiac- bulk of the wall of the heart smooth- walls of hollow internal structures
64
Function of Nervous tissue?
convert stimuli into nerve impulses, and conduct nerve impulses.
65
Structure and function of skin?
epidermis and dermis | protection
66
function of melanocytes
produce pigment
67
function of keratinocytes
produce the protein keratin
68
layers of skin outermost to innermost
stratum | -corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
69
What layer of skin produces new skin cells
stratum basale
70
define metastasis
the spread of cancer to surrounding tissues or to other body sites
71
Importance of water int he body
excellent solvent (carries nutrients, oxygen, waste throughout body), participates in chemical reactions (breaks down), absorbs and releases heat very slowly (maintain homeostasis), requires large amount of heat to change from a liquid to a gas (sweating), lubricant (organs rub against each other)
72
Name and describe the 4 tissues throughout the body
Epithelial- covers body surfaces Connective- protects, supports, stores energy, provides immunity Muscular- movement Nervous- detects changes, transmits nerve impulses maintain homeostasis

Anatomy (5 decks)

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