Anatomy Test 2

Question 1

Define Canaliculi

Answer 1

small channel or canal where they connect lacunae

Question 2

Define osteoclast

Answer 2

A large mutlinuclear cell that destorys bone matrix

Question 3

Define osteoblast

Answer 3

cell formed from an osteogenic cell that participates in bone formation by secreting some organic components and inorganic salts

Question 4

Define Lacunae

Answer 4

small hollow space such as that found in bones in which the osteocytes lie

Question 5

Define partial fractures

Answer 5

incomplete break across the bone (ex: crack)

Question 6

Define Complete Fracture

Answer 6

complete break across the bone (bone is broken into two or more pieces)

Question 7

Define Compound Fracture

Answer 7

the broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin

Question 8

Define closed fracture

Answer 8

the fractured bone does not break through the skin

Question 9

What hormone is responsible for the maintenance of blood calcium levels

Answer 9

parathyroid hormone (PTH) 
regulates calcium exchange between bone and blood

Question 10

How does exercise and mechanical stress affect bone tissue ?

Answer 10

Help make bones stronger and retain bone mass

Question 11

Axial Skeleton

Answer 11

cranium, face, hyoid, auditory ossicles, vertebral column, sternum, ribs

Question 12

Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 12

clavicle, scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, hip or pelvic bone, femur, patella, fibula, tibia, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Question 13

Fibrous joints

Answer 13

no synovial cavity, held together by dense irregular connective tissue that is rich in collagen fibers

Question 14

Cartilaginous joints

Answer 14

no synovial cavity, held together by cartilage

Question 15

Synovial joints

Answer 15

synovial cavity, united by dense irregular connective tissue of an articular capsule and accessory ligaments

Question 16

synarthrosis

Answer 16

immovable joint

Question 17

amphiarthrosis

Answer 17

slightly movable joint

Question 18

diarthrosis

Answer 18

freely moveable joint

Question 19

Structure of synovial joints

Answer 19

the basic structure of a synovial joint consists of a synovial cavity between the articulating bones, articular cartilage, a fibrous articular capsule and ligaments

Question 20

Movements that occur at synovial joints

Answer 20

reduces friction at the joint, enabling the articulating bones to move freely, distributes nutrients.

Question 21

Define epimysium

Answer 21

entire muscle is wrapped in it

Question 22

Define perimysium

Answer 22

surrounds bundles of 10 to 100 or more muscle fibers called fascicles

Question 23

Define endomysium

Answer 23

wraps each individual muscle fiber

Question 24

Define Z-discs

Answer 24

zig zagging zones of dense protein material

Question 25

Define I bands

Answer 25

contains the rest of the thin filaments and no thick filaments

Question 26

Define A bands

Answer 26

extends the entire length of the think filaments

Question 27

Difference between striated and nonstriated

Answer 27

striated, voluntary shaped like long fibers multinucleated | nonstriated, involuntary shaped like almonds, one nucleus per cell

Question 28

Define insertion

Answer 28

the attachment of a muscle tendon to a movable bone

Question 29

Define orgin

Answer 29

The attachment of a muscle tendon to a stationary bone

Question 30

What are the two main subdivisions of the nervous system?

Answer 30

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

Question 31

Define axons

Answer 31

the usually single, long process of a nerve cell that propagates a nerve impulse toward the axon terminals.

Question 32

Define dendrites

Answer 32

A neuronal process that carries electrical signals, usually graded potentials towards the cell body.

Question 33

Define synapses

Answer 33

the functional junction between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector, such as muscle or gland, maybe electrical or chemical

Question 34

Define myelin sheath

Answer 34

multilayered lipid and protein covering, formed by Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes, around axons of many peripheral and central nervous system neurons

Question 35

What conducts a nerve impulse toward the CNS?

Answer 35

stimulis

Question 36

What type of neurotransmitter is used in a chemical synaptic transmission

Answer 36

presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron, neuron effector

Question 37

How is the spinal cord protected?

Answer 37

meninges: three layers of connective tissue coverings that extend around the spinal cord.

Question 38

Define dura mater

Answer 38

outter most layer of the meninges, tough dense irregular connective tissue

Question 39

Define arachnoid mater

Answer 39

middle layer of the meninges, collagen and elastic fibers (resembles spider web)

Question 40

Define pia mater

Answer 40

innermost layer, transparent layer of collagen and elastic fibers

Question 41

Outline of the reflexes

Answer 41

``` sensory receptor sensory neuron integrating center motor neuron effector ```

Question 42

Define cerebellum

Answer 42

smaller structure; regulates posture, coordinates activities

Question 43

Define cerebrum

Answer 43

larger structure; memorizing, read, write, speak, remember past, plan for future, creativity

Question 44

Define hypothalamus

Answer 44

emotions and behaviors, how much we eat/drink, control body temperature

Question 45

Define brain stem

Answer 45

continuous with the spinal cord and consists of the medulla, oblongata, pons, and midbrain

Question 46

Define diencephalon

Answer 46

consist of the thalamus, hypthalamus, and pineal gland

Question 47

olfactory nerve

Answer 47

smell

Question 48

optic nerve

Answer 48

vision

Question 49

oculomotor nerve

Answer 49

movement of upper eyelid and eyeball

Question 50

trochlear nerve

Answer 50

movement of the eyeball

Question 51

trigeminal nerve

Answer 51

touch, pain, temperature

Question 52

abducens nerve

Answer 52

movement of eyelid

Question 53

facial nerve

Answer 53

taste, muscle sense, facial expressions

Question 54

vestibulochlear nerve

Answer 54

hearing

Question 55

glossopharyngeal nerve

Answer 55

swalling, speech

Question 56

vagus nerve

Answer 56

wondering

Question 57

accessory nerve

Answer 57

movements of head and shoulders

Question 58

hypoglossal nerve

Answer 58

movement of tongue during speech

Question 59

structural features of the ANS

Answer 59

preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron

Question 60

Define sympathetic divisions

Answer 60

involves the expenditure of energy "fight or flight"

Question 61

Define parasympathetic divisions

Answer 61

activities that conserve and restore body energy "rest and digest"

Question 62

What neurotransmitter does the sympathetic division release?

Answer 62

norpinrphrine

Question 63

What neurotransmitter does the parasympathetic division release?

Answer 63

acetylcholinesterase

Question 64

Process of contraction of muscles

Answer 64

``` Calcium is released into the myofibril Calcium attached to tropinin Causes a shift in tropomyosin Exposes bonding sites on actin Myosin cross bridges Attach to actin binding sites & pull ```

Question 65

Process of relaxation of the muscles

Answer 65

Tropomyosin is moved back over and covers the actin binding sites the heads release