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Anatomy > Anatomy Test 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Canaliculi

A

small channel or canal where they connect lacunae

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2
Q

Define osteoclast

A

A large mutlinuclear cell that destorys bone matrix

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3
Q

Define osteoblast

A

cell formed from an osteogenic cell that participates in bone formation by secreting some organic components and inorganic salts

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4
Q

Define Lacunae

A

small hollow space such as that found in bones in which the osteocytes lie

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5
Q

Define partial fractures

A

incomplete break across the bone (ex: crack)

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6
Q

Define Complete Fracture

A

complete break across the bone (bone is broken into two or more pieces)

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7
Q

Define Compound Fracture

A

the broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin

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8
Q

Define closed fracture

A

the fractured bone does not break through the skin

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9
Q

What hormone is responsible for the maintenance of blood calcium levels

A 
parathyroid hormone (PTH) 
regulates calcium exchange between bone and blood
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10
Q

How does exercise and mechanical stress affect bone tissue ?

A

Help make bones stronger and retain bone mass

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11
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

cranium, face, hyoid, auditory ossicles, vertebral column, sternum, ribs

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12
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

clavicle, scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, hip or pelvic bone, femur, patella, fibula, tibia, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

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13
Q

Fibrous joints

A

no synovial cavity, held together by dense irregular connective tissue that is rich in collagen fibers

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14
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

no synovial cavity, held together by cartilage

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15
Q

Synovial joints

A

synovial cavity, united by dense irregular connective tissue of an articular capsule and accessory ligaments

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16
Q

synarthrosis

A

immovable joint

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17
Q

amphiarthrosis

A

slightly movable joint

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18
Q

diarthrosis

A

freely moveable joint

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19
Q

Structure of synovial joints

A

the basic structure of a synovial joint consists of a synovial cavity between the articulating bones, articular cartilage, a fibrous articular capsule and ligaments

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20
Q

Movements that occur at synovial joints

A

reduces friction at the joint, enabling the articulating bones to move freely, distributes nutrients.

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21
Q

Define epimysium

A

entire muscle is wrapped in it

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22
Q

Define perimysium

A

surrounds bundles of 10 to 100 or more muscle fibers called fascicles

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23
Q

Define endomysium

A

wraps each individual muscle fiber

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24
Q

Define Z-discs

A

zig zagging zones of dense protein material

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25
Q

Define I bands

A

contains the rest of the thin filaments and no thick filaments

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26
Q

Define A bands

A

extends the entire length of the think filaments

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27
Q

Difference between striated and nonstriated

A

striated, voluntary shaped like long fibers multinucleated

nonstriated, involuntary shaped like almonds, one nucleus per cell

28
Q

Define insertion

A

the attachment of a muscle tendon to a movable bone

29
Q

Define orgin

A

The attachment of a muscle tendon to a stationary bone

30
Q

What are the two main subdivisions of the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

31
Q

Define axons

A

the usually single, long process of a nerve cell that propagates a nerve impulse toward the axon terminals.

32
Q

Define dendrites

A

A neuronal process that carries electrical signals, usually graded potentials towards the cell body.

33
Q

Define synapses

A

the functional junction between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector, such as muscle or gland, maybe electrical or chemical

34
Q

Define myelin sheath

A

multilayered lipid and protein covering, formed by Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes, around axons of many peripheral and central nervous system neurons

35
Q

What conducts a nerve impulse toward the CNS?

A

stimulis

36
Q

What type of neurotransmitter is used in a chemical synaptic transmission

A

presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron, neuron effector

37
Q

How is the spinal cord protected?

A

meninges: three layers of connective tissue coverings that extend around the spinal cord.

38
Q

Define dura mater

A

outter most layer of the meninges, tough dense irregular connective tissue

39
Q

Define arachnoid mater

A

middle layer of the meninges, collagen and elastic fibers (resembles spider web)

40
Q

Define pia mater

A

innermost layer, transparent layer of collagen and elastic fibers

41
Q

Outline of the reflexes

A 
sensory receptor
sensory neuron
integrating center
motor neuron
effector
42
Q

Define cerebellum

A

smaller structure; regulates posture, coordinates activities

43
Q

Define cerebrum

A

larger structure; memorizing, read, write, speak, remember past, plan for future, creativity

44
Q

Define hypothalamus

A

emotions and behaviors, how much we eat/drink, control body temperature

45
Q

Define brain stem

A

continuous with the spinal cord and consists of the medulla, oblongata, pons, and midbrain

46
Q

Define diencephalon

A

consist of the thalamus, hypthalamus, and pineal gland

47
Q

olfactory nerve

A

smell

48
Q

optic nerve

A

vision

49
Q

oculomotor nerve

A

movement of upper eyelid and eyeball

50
Q

trochlear nerve

A

movement of the eyeball

51
Q

trigeminal nerve

A

touch, pain, temperature

52
Q

abducens nerve

A

movement of eyelid

53
Q

facial nerve

A

taste, muscle sense, facial expressions

54
Q

vestibulochlear nerve

A

hearing

55
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve

A

swalling, speech

56
Q

vagus nerve

A

wondering

57
Q

accessory nerve

A

movements of head and shoulders

58
Q

hypoglossal nerve

A

movement of tongue during speech

59
Q

structural features of the ANS

A

preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron

60
Q

Define sympathetic divisions

A

involves the expenditure of energy “fight or flight”

61
Q

Define parasympathetic divisions

A

activities that conserve and restore body energy “rest and digest”

62
Q

What neurotransmitter does the sympathetic division release?

A

norpinrphrine

63
Q

What neurotransmitter does the parasympathetic division release?

A

acetylcholinesterase

64
Q

Process of contraction of muscles

A 
Calcium is released into the myofibril 
Calcium attached to tropinin 
Causes a shift in tropomyosin 
Exposes bonding sites on actin
Myosin cross bridges 
Attach to actin binding sites & pull
65
Q

Process of relaxation of the muscles

A

Tropomyosin is moved back over and covers the actin binding sites the heads release

Anatomy (5 decks)

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