Anchylostoma - ru & car

Question 1

What is the species name for canine hookworm?

Answer 1

Ancylostoma caninum

Other species include A. tubaeforme (feline), A. braziliense (dog, cat), Uncinaria stenocephala (dog, cat, fox), and Necator americanus (dog, man, pig)

Question 2

What is the primary morphological feature of hookworms?

Answer 2

Well-developed buccal capsule with 3 pairs of teeth or cutting plates, which they use to attach to intestinal mucosa.
Blood sucker – pathogenic
Can infect by skin penetration
Anterior part: bent in dorsal direction thereby HOOKworm
In males: bursa is well developed

Question 3

How do hookworms infect their hosts?

Answer 3

By skin penetration or oral ingestion of larvae

They can also infect through percutaneous and somatic migration.

Question 4

What is the characteristic shape of the anterior end of a hookworm?

Answer 4

Bent in dorsal direction

This feature is indicative of its classification as a hookworm.

Question 5

What is the life cycle type of hookworms?

Answer 5

Direct lifecycle
Development of larvae is similar to Strongylus spp. Extreme dryness is lethal to larvae, suitable place for survival is slightly sandy and moist soil.

1. L1 emerges from egg in about 3 days, becomes L2 in 6 days.
2. Infection of FH infected by eiter oral ingestion or skin penetration by L3 larvae in environment (not eggs)

• If ingested, the larvae pass directly to the intestine and develop to adults.
• Percutaneous infection: Larva migrate to the lung by bloodstream. Tracheal migration -respiratory system -coughed and swallowed -Small intestine
• Somatic migration -larvae migrate from mother to developing foetus.
• Very rarely transplacental infection occur. Transmammary infection only occurs in A. caninum. The larvae are stuck in tissues but travel to mammary gland in parturition and enters milk.

The female lays around 16,000 eggs per day.

Question 6

How long does it take for L1 larvae to emerge from hookworm eggs?

Answer 6

About 3 days

L1 develops into L2 in 6 days.

Question 7

What environmental conditions are lethal to hookworm larvae?

Answer 7

Extreme dryness

Suitable survival conditions include slightly sandy and moist soil.

Question 8

What happens when L3 larvae are ingested by a host?

Answer 8

They pass directly to the intestine and develop to adults

This is part of their infection process.

Question 9

What is the process of percutaneous infection in hookworms?

Answer 9

Larvae migrate to the lung by bloodstream and undergo tracheal migration

This involves the respiratory system, where they are coughed and swallowed to reach the small intestine.

Question 10

What is somatic migration in the context of hookworms?

Answer 10

Larvae migrate from mother to developing fetus

Very rarely, transplacental infection occurs.

Question 11

Which hookworm species can cause transmammary infection?

Answer 11

A. caninum

The larvae can travel to the mammary gland during parturition and enter milk.

Question 12

What order do hookworms belong to?

Answer 12

Strongylida

This classification includes various related parasitic species.

Question 13

What is the scientific name of the hookworm commonly found in canines?

Answer 13

Ancylostoma caninum

Commonly referred to as A. caninum.

Question 14

In which location within the definitive host is Ancylostoma caninum found?

Answer 14

Small intestine

Question 15

What unique morphological feature does Ancylostoma caninum possess?

Answer 15

6 teeth, which scratches the mucous membrane for nutrients

use blood for oxygen

Question 16

What condition / special feature is associated with Ancylostoma caninum infection?

Answer 16

Larva migrans cutanea

Question 17

Describe the egg of Ancylostoma caninum.

Answer 17

Medium size, ovoid, symmetrical, 2 thin shells, unembryonated (4-8 blastomeres), greyish colour

Question 18

What are the common clinical signs of Ancylostoma caninum infection?

Answer 18

Blood loss anemia, intestinal bleeding, black tarry diarrhea

Question 19

Which treatments are effective against Ancylostoma caninum?

Answer 19

Ivermectin, Milbemycin Oxime, Pyrantel +

Question 20

What is the diagnosis method for Ancylostoma caninum?

Answer 20

Coprological examination, history, and clinical signs

Question 21

In which geographical regions is Ancylostoma caninum commonly found?

Answer 21

Southern Europe, west coast of South America, China, India

Question 22

What is the scientific name of the hookworm found in dogs, cats, and foxes?

Answer 22

Uncinaria stenocaphala

Question 23

Where is Uncinaria stenocaphala located in the definitive host?

Answer 23

Small intestine

Question 24

What is the size of Uncinaria stenocaphala?

Answer 24

Up to 1 cm

Question 25

What morphological feature distinguishes Uncinaria stenocaphala adults?

Answer 25

Large, funnel-shaped buccal capsule with a pair of citnous plates, has a pair of sub-ventral teeth at the base ## Footnote lacking dorsal teeth

Question 26

What is the scientific name of the hookworm that infects humans, pigs, and dogs?

Answer 26

Necator americanus

Question 27

Where is Necator americanus located in the definitive host?

Answer 27

Small intestine

Question 28

What is the size range of Necator americanus?

Answer 28

7-11 mm

Question 29

Describe the morphology of Necator americanus.

Answer 29

Two dorsal and two ventral cutting plates around the anterior margin of the buccal capsule, has a pair of subdorsal & a pair of subventral teeth located close to the rear.

Question 30

What is the pathogenesis associated with Necator americanus?

Answer 30

**Larva:** Penetrate uninfected skin and travel to various organs, including respiratory tract and lymph nodes. Once in the lymph nodes, it starts entering the blood, lungs and intestine. Some larva can not enter the dermis and is trapped in the skin = larva migrans cutanea. **Adults:** Penetrates blood vessels and sucks blood. Causes anaemia, protein loss, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, bloating, nausea

Question 31

What are the clinical signs of Necator americanus infection?

Answer 31

Producing “ground itch” (skin), excessive coughing, dyspnoea during larval migration, can cause **high amount of blood loss** ## Footnote blood loss: max 0.26 ml per worm, 200 ml per day.

Question 32

What is the life cycle of Necator americanus?

Answer 32

Eggs in faeces, larvae hatch, L3 in environment --> penetrate skin, travel to lungs, coughed up, swallowed, enter small intestine Some larva can become arrested and dormant in tissues.

Question 33

Which geographical regions are affected by Necator americanus?

Answer 33

Western hemisphere, Africa, South East Asia

Question 34

What are the two species of Bunostomum?

Answer 34

* B. trigonocephalum - sheep, goat * B. phlebotomum - cattle

Question 35

What is the size range of Bunostomum spp.?

Answer 35

1-3 cm

Question 36

Describe the morphology of Bunostomum spp.

Answer 36

Stout and greyish white, hooked at anterior end with buccal capsule

Question 37

How do Bunostomum spp. infect their hosts?

Answer 37

Infection by L3 larva: orally or percutaneously * Orally – development without migration * Percutaneous -migration to lungs, moulting -cough/swallow -entering GIT

Question 38

What are the clinical signs associated with Bunostomum spp. infection?

Answer 38

Diarrhea, anemia, anorexia, dyspnoea

Question 39

What is the treatment for Bunostomum spp. infection?

Answer 39

Ivermectin

Question 40

What is the geographic distribution of Bunostomum spp.?

Answer 40

Europe, America, South Africa

Question 41

What order do Ancylostoma caninum, Uncinaria stenocaphala, and Necator americanus belong to?

Answer 41

Strongylida

Question 42

Egg morphology of Bunostomum species

Answer 42

* Medium * ovoid, symmetrical * 2 thin shells * Unembryonated, 4-8 blastomers * Grey

Question 43

Pathogenesis of Bunostomum species

Answer 43

Adult worm are blood suckers – anemia, hypoalbuminaemia, weight loss

Question 44

Diagnosis of Bunostomum species

Answer 44

Coprological examination

Question 45

Geography of Bunostomum

Answer 45

Europe, America, South Africa