Anchylostomatidosis of carnivores and ruminants

Question 1

What is the scientific name of the hookworm commonly found in canines?

Answer 1

Ancylostoma caninum

Commonly referred to as A. caninum.

Question 2

Where does hookworms of canine primarily locate in the definitive host?

Answer 2

Small intestine

This is where the adult worms reside and feed.

Question 3

Morphological of Ancylostoma caninum?

Answer 3

6 teeth, which scratches the mucous membrane for nutrients. Use blood for oxygen.

Use blood for oxygen.

Question 4

What is a clinical sign of infection with Ancylostoma caninum?

Answer 4

• Blood loss anemia
• Intestinal bleeding
• Black tarry diarrhea

Question 5

What is the treatment for Ancylostoma caninum infection?

Answer 5

Ivermectin, Milbemycin Oxime, Pyrantel +

Question 6

What geographical regions are commonly affected by Ancylostoma caninum?

Answer 6

Southern Europe, west coast of South America, China, India

These areas report higher incidences of this hookworm.

Question 7

What is the scientific name of the hookworm found in dogs, cats, and foxes?

Answer 7

Uncinaria stenocaphala

This species is also known as the dog hookworm.

Question 8

What is the size range of adult Uncinaria stenocaphala?

Answer 8

Up to 1 cm

This size classification helps in identifying the species.

Question 9

What morphological feature distinguishes Uncinaria stenocaphala?

Answer 9

Large, funnel-shaped buccal capsule with a pair of citnous plates

It lacks dorsal teeth but has sub-ventral teeth.

Question 10

What is the scientific name of the hookworm that primarily infects humans, pigs, and dogs?

Answer 10

Necator americanus

This species is a significant human pathogen.

Question 11

What is the size of adult Necator americanus?

Answer 11

7-11 mm

This size is relevant for identification and diagnosis.

Question 12

What unique morphological features does Necator americanus have?

Answer 12

• Two dorsal and two ventral cutting plates around the anterior margin of the buccal capsule
• A pair of subdorsal and a pair of subventral teeth located close to the rear.

These structures aid in blood-sucking.

Question 13

What is pathogenesis of Necator americanus?

Answer 13

Larva: Penetrate uninfected skin and travel to various organs, including respiratory tract and lymph nodes. Once in the lymph nodes, it starts entering the blood, lungs and intestine. Some larva can not enter the dermis and is trapped in the skin = larva migrans cutanea.
Adults: Penetrates blood vessels and sucks blood. Causes anaemia, protein loss, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, bloating, nausea

Question 14

What are the clinical signs associated with Necator americanus infection?

Answer 14

• Producing “ground itch” (skin), excessive coughing, dyspnoea during larval migration.
• Can cause HIGH amount of blood loss
• Anaemia, protein loss, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, bloating, nausea

blood loss: max 0.26 ml per worm, 200 ml per day

Question 15

What is the life cycle of Necator americanus?

Answer 15

Eggs in faeces. Larva hatches from egg, and L3 larva is in environment. It penetrates the skin of the humans and go to the lungs - coughed up, swallowed - small intestine.

Some larvae can become arrested & dormant in tissues.

Question 16

What geographical regions are commonly affected by Necator americanus?

Answer 16

Western hemisphere, Africa, South East Asia

This hookworm is prevalent in these areas.

Question 17

What is the scientific name of the hookworm species affecting sheep and goats?

Answer 17

Bunostomum trigonocephalum

This species is specific to these livestock.

Question 18

What is the size range of Bunostomum spp.?

Answer 18

1-3 cm

This size helps differentiate it from other species.

Question 19

What is a key morphological feature of Bunostomum spp.?

Answer 19

Stout and greyish white, hooked at anterior end with buccal capsule.

This feature is characteristic of the genus.

Question 20

What is the life cycle pathway for Bunostomum spp.?

Answer 20

Infection by L3 larva:

• Orally – development without migration
  Percutaneous – migration to lungs, moulting – cough/swallow – entering GIT

Question 21

What are the clinical signs of Bunostomum spp. infection?

Answer 21

Diarrhea, anemia, anorexia, dyspnoea

Question 22

What is the treatment for Bunostomum spp. infection?

Answer 22

Ivermectin

This is a common anthelmintic used for treatment.

Question 23

What order do these hookworm species belong to?

Answer 23

Strongylida

This order includes various parasitic worms.

Question 24

Speacial feature of Ancylostoma caninum

Answer 24

Larva migrans cutanea

Question 25

Egg morphology of Anchylostoma caninum

Answer 25

* Medium * Ovoid, symmetrical * 2 thin shells * Unembryonated (4-8 blastomeres) * Greyish

Question 26

Pathogenesis of Ancylostoma caninum - how does it infect

Answer 26

Infection per mammary gland, oral and skin

Question 27

Diagnosis of Anchylostoma caninum

Answer 27

* Corprological examination * history & CS

Question 28

Species that cause Anchylostomatidosis of ruminants

Answer 28

B. trigonocephalum – Sheep, goat B. phlebotomum – Cattle

Question 29

Egg morphology of Bunostomum species

Answer 29

* Medium * Ovoid, symmetrical * 2 thin shells * Unembryonated (4-8 blastomeres) * Greyish

Question 30

Pathogenesis of Bunostomum species

Answer 30

Adult worm are blood suckers: * anemia, hypoalbuminaemia, weight loss

Question 31

Diagnosis of Bunostomum species

Answer 31

Coprological examination

Question 32

Geography of Bunostomum species

Answer 32

Europe, America, South Africa

Question 33

Order of Bunostomum species

Answer 33

Strongylida

Question 34

Species causing Anchylostomatidosis of carnivores

Answer 34

* Ancylostoma caninum - canines * A. tubaeforme - feline * A. braziliense - dog, cat * Uncinaria stenocephala - dog, cat, fox * Necator americanus - dog, man, pig

Question 35

Morphology of species causing Anchylostomatidosis in carnivores

Answer 35

Well-developed buccal capsule – 3 pairs of teeth or cutting plates they used to attach to mucosa of intestine. * Blood sucker – pathogenic * Can infect by skin penetration * Anterior of worm: bent in dorsal direction thereby HOOKworm * In males: bursa is well developed

Question 36

Life cycle of species causing Anchylostomatidosis in carnivores

Answer 36

**Direct** lifecycle. Female lays around **16 000 eggs** per day. Development of larvae is similar to Strongylus spp. Extreme dryness is lethal to the hook worms’ larvae, so the suitable place for survival is slightly sandy and moist soil. 1. L1 emerges from egg in about 3 days, becomes L2 in 6 days. 2. Infection of FH happens either by oral ingestion of L3 or skin penetration by L3 larvae in environment (not eggs) * If ingested, the larvae pass directly to the intestine and develop to adults. * **Percutaneous infection:** Larva migrate to the lung by bloodstream. Tracheal migration -respiratory system - coughed and swallowed -Small intestine * **Somatic migration**: larvae migrate from mother to developing foetus. * Very rarely transplacental infection occur. **Transmammary infection only occurs in A. caninum.** The larvae are stuck in tissues but travel to mammary gland in parturition and enters milk.