Ancient Near East Architecture (Babylonia, Assyria & Persia) Flashcards
(84 cards)
1
Q
“Menos
A
Middle
2
Q
Potamas
A
River
3
Q
Where did Ancient Near East Architecture flourish
A
twin rivers, tigris and euphrates
4
Q
Design of buildings are..
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elevated to dodge floods
5
Q
why did they built the ziggurats
A
heavy floods
6
Q
they have timber and limestone for their construction materials
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persia
7
Q
there is rare experience of rain
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In persia
8
Q
Believers of symbolism, genies and demons
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Mesopotamians
9
Q
They were superstitious
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Mesopotamians
10
Q
Believer of good and evil. They believe that good usually triumphs in the end.
A
Persians
11
Q
considered extraordinary bcs they achieved the highest degree of civilization
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Babylonians
12
Q
believe in military superiority and it manifested in their buildings
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Assyrians and persians
13
Q
(2235 BC - 2530 BC)
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Babylonian Period
14
Q
Known as Chaldean Architecture
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Babylonian Period
15
Q
Built temples, ziggurats, and tombs
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Babylonian Period
16
Q
Located between euphrates and tigres river
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Babylonian Period
17
Q
Built Palaces and Temples
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Assyrian Period
18
Q
(9th to 7th BC)
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Assyrian Period
19
Q
Composed of Ancient cities Nineveh,Nimrud, Koyunjik, and Kack Sabad
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Assyrian Period
20
Q
(538 - 333 BC)
A
Persian Period
21
Q
During the persian period, structures were found in
A
Pasargadae, Susa, and Persepons
22
Q
Borrowers of Style
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Persian Period
23
Q
Architecture was a mix of egyptian, babylonian, and greek style
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Persian Period
24
Q
Architectural Character (3)
A
Massiveness, Monumentality, Grandeur
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Arcuated type of construction: Arch, Vault, Flat strips, buttresses with glazed tile adornment
Assyrian and Babylonian Arch
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Columnar and Trabeated with Flat timber roof, sometimes dowed
Persian Arch
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occupied the middle and southern part of Mesopotamia.
the empire of Babylonia
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He ordered the construction of several temples
King Hammurabi
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promulgate a code of 282 laws, one of which is the Code of Hammurabi
King Hammurabi
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classic micro-manager, concerned with all aspects of his rule, and this is seen in his famous legal code
King Hammurabi
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Where does the legal codes of Hammyrabi survive
this stele in the louvre and on clay tablets
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vertical stone monument or marker often inscribed with text or with relief carving
la stele
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Also known as holy mountain
ZIGGURATS
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Chief building structure, square or rectangular in plan with steeply battered sides and an open platform on top
ZIGGURATS
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Decoration of ziggurats
Cone mosaic laid into wet plaster and colored and glazed brick.
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The highest terrace (part of ziggurat)
Temple
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Carried water away from ziggurat
Drains
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Where three staircase come together
Gate
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Allowed water to evaporate from core
Weeper Holes
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Runs directly up the front of the ziggurat
Staircase
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On either side of the staircase
Buttres
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Core of Ziggurat, covered in baked bricks
Outer Shell
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One of each level of ziggurat, covered in baked brick
Terrace
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Usually have one flat top rectangular mound carrying the upper temple
Archaic Ziggurat
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It has sloping sides, three of which had flat buttress
The White Temple and Ziggurat at Warka
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Illustrated the origin of the Ziggurat or temple-tower, in the prehistoric Mesopotamian temple set on its platform.
The White Temple and Ziggurat at Warka
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Subsidiary broad square platform of similar height overlapped the north corner served by a long easy steps from which a circuitous ram lead off from an intermediate landing
The White Temple and Ziggurat at Warka
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Temple was originally whitewashed
The White Temple and Ziggurat at Warka
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Rectangular in plan, designed with several piers or stages
Two or More Stages of Ziggurat
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the complex comprised the ziggurat and its court, a secondary court attached to it and three great temples
The Ziggurat of Ur - Nammu
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* Carried the usual temple on its summit and had the normal orientation
* Solid core of mud brick, covered with a skin of burnt brickwork
The Ziggurat of Ur - Nammu
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53
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Its sides were slightly convex giving an added effect of mass, with brad shallow corner buttresses.
The Ziggurat of Ur - Nammu
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Black-representing Ea floating the dominating the water
Level 2
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White- representing Apsu
Level l
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Red - representing the sun kindled air
Level 3
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Blue - represented the heaven above the earth
Level 4
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57
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- There were five tiers, the lowest is shallower than the rest, each mounted on a plinth
- The flights of stairs recessed in the mass, led to the top of the first tier on the center of each front
The Ziggurat of Tohoga-Zanbil
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Most of the evidence for Neo-Babylonian art and architecture is
literary
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Of the material evidence that survives, the most important fragments are from the
Ishtar Gate of Babylon
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known for their colorful glazed bricks, which they shaped into bas-reliefs of dragons, lions, and aurochs to decorate the Ishtar Gate.
Neo-Babylonians
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Neo-Babylonian art and architecture reached its zenith under King
King Nebuchadnazzer II
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King
Nebuchadnezzar Il, who ruled from
604-562 BC
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He was a great patron of art and urban development and rebuilt the city of Babylon to reflect its ancient glory.
King Nebuchadnazzer II
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renovated the city so that it covered 900 hectares (2,200 acres) of land and boasted some the most beautiful and impressive structures in all of Mesopotamia.
Nebuchadnezzar II (604-561 BCE)
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* with 250 towers and 100 bronze gates
* It had an inner and outer part, each heavily fortified
City of Babylon
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Clad in Lapis Lazuli glazed brick with a deep blue background and colored band at the base and top, the wall surface embellished by low-relief animal figures spaced across its imposing surface
Ishtar Gate
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A prominent characteristic of Neo-Babylonian art and architecture was the use of
brilliantly colorful glazed bricks.
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275m × 183m overall
Among its maze of rooms was a vast throne room
Its long façade decorated with polychrome glazed brick
Hanging Garden of Babylon
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one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, dated from the late Chaldo-Babylonian kingdom.
Hanging Garden of Babylon
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They may have comprised terraces disposed in stages, one above the other, so that each stage formed a separate garden.
Hanging Garden of Babylon
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It appears to have been one combining the triple stairway approach and massive lower tier customary in early Mesopotamia, with upper stages arranged spirally according to Assyrian practice.
Tower of Babel
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Expensive precinct where associated as Ziggurat
Tower of Babel
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located on a plateau overlooking the Tigris River
The city of Assyria
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have enough fresh water to start farming, but their access to the river let them become important traders and merchants.
Assur
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He ordered the construction of Dur-Sharrukin (Fort Sargon/Palace of Sargon)
as the new capital city shortly after he came to the throne in 721 BC.
Sargon II
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were planted to increase Assyrians deficient oil production.
olive groves
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* Polychrome ornamental brickwork
* The use of high plinth or dadoes of great stone slab, placed on edge and usually carved with low-relief sculpture
ASSYRIA
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* It contain 700 rooms
* Each palace had three main parts each abutting the grand court
* On the left of entering was a group of three temple
* On the right, service quarter and administrative offices
Palace of Sargon, Khorsabad
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The palace was situated on n mound raised above the plain, close to the fortified city. It was reached via a flight of steps.
Plan of King Sargon's Palace.
Khorsabad
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