Greek Architecture Flashcards
(166 cards)
1
Q
(Geographical influence) What made their communications difficult?
A
Rugged nature of Greek Peninsula and its island, with mountains
2
Q
(Geographical Influence) Bounded on two sides by?
A
Black sea and mediterranean sea
3
Q
Athens as its center kingdom contains the upper city known as
A
Citadel
4
Q
Mountainous hinterland separated inhabitans ito groups, clans and state
A
Geographical Influence
5
Q
was the inevitable means of trade and communication
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Sea
6
Q
Chief building material in greece
A
Greece
7
Q
Also had ample supplies of
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Buidling stones
8
Q
Climatic Influence
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Mild and rainy winters, relatively warm and dry summers, and generally extended periods of sunshine throughout most of the year
9
Q
Religious Influence
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Nature worship, represent their deites by large statues
10
Q
Chief Diversion
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Music, dancing, wrestling, boxing, gymnastics and bull fighting often with religious connection
11
Q
Participate in hunting and more strenous games as wwell as in craftwork
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Eomrn
12
Q
Form of government
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Tyrannical, aristocratic, and democratic
13
Q
One of the democratic leader of athens
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Pericles
14
Q
Preclassical or Early Period
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3000-700 BCE
15
Q
Hellenic Period or Greek Architecture
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650-323BCE
16
Q
Preclassical/Early Period Architectural Character
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-Low pitch or flat roof on multi storey structures
-Stairways was developed for verticla ciruclation
17
Q
Principle Building types
A
Megaron or Aegean houses
18
Q
Formed the central complex of a palace and the main domestic unit
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Megaron
19
Q
Long, narrow suit composed of columned porch, megaron proper, and thalamus
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Megaron
20
Q
Columned enclosed porch
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Columned entrnce porch with central doorway
21
Q
central Heart, columns supporting th roof
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Megaron Proper
22
Q
Sleeping area
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Thalamus
23
Q
Contained a raised throne and centered around a fixed circular hearth framed by four wooden columns
A
Circular Hearth
24
Q
Huge stone blocks with clay beddings but without mortar
A
Cyclopean
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Constructed with stones having polygonal faces, advance technique but without pith nor tar
Polygonal
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Block of stone cut into rectangular shapes that serve as dowels
Rectangular
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Stones with inclined blocks
Inclined blocks
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Architectural Character of Greek Architecture/Hellenistic Period
- Simplicity and Harmony
- Purity of lines
- Perfection of proportions
- Refinement of details
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Use rectangular plan
Hellenisgtic
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Temple's gateway
Propylea
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What period of greek did the Collonade surround the temple
Hellenistic
32
Ceilings were ommited and treated with timber panelled coffers
Lancunaria
33
Walls were made out of? (Greek Architecture)
Made out of stone
34
Completed the building (GE)
Marble Scupltures
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... on the walls of temples was highly developed
Mural Paining
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Earliest civilizaiton in greek
The Minoans
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Homeland was the island of crete
Minoan
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Buildings were typically made of (The minoan)
Timber frames filled with clay bricks
39
City was a multistory palace with large central courtyard
The minoans
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Known as Palace Age, known for their grand palaces
The minoans
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Exmple of palace of the minoans
Palace of King Minos, Knossos
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Were not warriors, they were traders, as a result their places were not fortified
The minoans
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What is this capital? "Columns were uniquely constructed and easily identified as minoan. Constructed from wood and tapered at the bottom, Bright red colums and capitals color black"
Bulbous Capital
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Stood on stone bases and hard large, bulbous tops known as
Cushion Capitals
45
Based their culture firmly on the minoans
The Myceneans
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Surrounded their cities with mssive defensive walls
The Mycenaeans
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A typical mycenaean palace consisted of a
central rectangular hall flanked by smaller chambers
48
They developed their templs from Megaron
The mycenaeans
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Built in different levels on the uneven groumd, the main elements of the complex were the megaron
The Palace, Mycenae
50
Built on strategic, often impregnable hills, were enclosed by strong curtain walling
Citadel of Mycenae
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Ruler and his family lived at
The upper end of the site
52
The dweilling of important figures such as military leaders
Within the enceinte
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Most of the population lived
Outside the citadel's wlals
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Citadels were entered via monumental gatewats
Gate of Lion, Mycenae
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Two vertical stones carrying a vast lintel
Gate of Lion
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Massive fortification to the upper part of the citadel in irregular stle of cyclopean masonry
The palace, Tiryns
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Two types of Aegean Tombs
Tholos
Rock Cut or Chamber thombs
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Behive tomb, compose of a long passage known as dromos leading to a domed chamber
Tholos
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Most decorated of all, Tholoi had decorated and colored facades
Treasury of Atreus
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Dark, deriving its light only from the open doorway and triangular transome
Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae
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Interiors of tholos domes were
Richly decorated
62
The tholos imitated
The dome of heaven
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Creation of structures, buildings, and sculptures by excavating solid rock where it naturally occurs
Rock cut or chamber tomb
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Period of decline or Dark age. followed the destruction of the mycenaean civilization in the 12 century
The greece (Archaic Period)
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When did the arts of mycenaean civilization began to survive
8th to 7th century BC
66
From those early times, one specific building type predominated
The temple
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Abode of god
The temple
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the temple took the form of a
single room or hut, walled with sun dried bricks
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In the late .. century bc, the main body of the sanctuary was surrounded by a single row of columns, known as the
7th century, Peristyle
70
Unique to Greek architecture and was to remain one of the most characteristic feature
Peristyle
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Built to provide cover for a crude wooden statues of a deity
Xoanon
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Greek temples originated as?
Primitive huts
73
Open space between two columns
Intercolumniation
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A roman writer of the 1st century BC
Vitruvious
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Columns placed closely together (1 and 1/2 diameter
Pycnostyle
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Columns a little wider (2 diameter)
Systyle
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A little wider still (2 and 1/2 diameter)
Eustyle
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Wider again (3 diameters)
Diastyle
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Columns are placed further apart (4 diameter)
Araestyle
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When did the basic plan of a temple evolve?
By the late 7th century BC
81
The greeks felt that when ratiod and proportions were properly applied to ground plans and evelations, the result would be?
Beauty, perfection, and symmetria
82
a perfect balance of parts
Symmetria
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Standard units of measurement to achieve symmetria
Module (equal to the diameter of half the diameter of a column at the base of its shaft)
84
Chief class buildings. usually, the plan is rectangular in shape
Temple
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Were not places of worship but monuments dedicated to the beloved gods and goddesses
Temple
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Two way of describing temples
- Number of columns on the entrance
- Arrangement of exterior columns of the temple inn relation to naos
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One layer of colonade surruonding the naos
Basic Temple Plan/Peripteral (Peristyle or Peripteral colonnade)
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Temple surrounded on all sides by two rows of columns - a double peripteral
Dipteral
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Later development of the dipteral plan, in which the inner row of columns was ommited (one sa naos ug episthodomos)
Pseudodipteral
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dwelling of a god, inner part of a temple, shrine.
Naos
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refer to either the rear room of an ancient Greek temple or to the inner shrine, also called the adyton ('not to be entered')
Opisthodomos
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Parts of temple
Naos/Cella
Pronaos
Epinaos (Opisthodomos
Pteron
Anta
Distyle in Antis
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Principal chamber containing the statue of the god or goddess with porticos and colonnade
Naos/Cella
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The inner portico in front of the naos
Pronaos
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Posticum which serves as the treasury chamber
Epinaos/Opishthodomos
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A colonnade parallel but apart from the naos
Pteron
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A rectangular pier or pillaster formed by thickening the end of a projecting wall
Anta
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Having two columns in front between antae
Distyle in antis
99
Course of masonry forming the foundation for a row of columns, esp the outermost collonade of a classical temple
Stylobate
100
A solid mass of masonry visible aboive ground level serving as the foundation of a building
Stereobate
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Stereobate is also known as
crepidoma or podium
102
Any of the five styles of classical architecture - Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Tuscan and composite, charcterized by the type and arrangement of coumns and entablatures employed
Order
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The oldest and simplest of the classical orders
Doric Order
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Characterized by fluted column having no base, a plain cushion shaped capital supporting a square abacus and an entablature consisting of a plain architrave, a frieze of triglyphs and metopes, and a cornice, the corona of which has mutules on its soffit
Doric order
105
Characteristics of doric order
Masculinity, Strength, Solidity
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Always without base, usually fluted and topped by a simple squat capital.
Doric Order
107
Parts of Doric Order
Pediment, Entablature, Columns, Crepidoma
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A wide, low pitched gable surmounting a colonnade or a major division of a facade
Pediment
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Horizontal Section of classical order that resrs on the columns. Usually comoposed of a cornice, frieze, and architrave
Entablature
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Cylindrical support in classical architecture, consisting of a capital shaft and usually a base, either monolithic or buuilt up of drums the full diameter of the shaft
Columns
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Stone platforms
Crepidoma
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A pedestal for a sculpture or ornament at the apex. also called acroterion
aCROTERIUM
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Trianglular space enclosed by the horizontal and raking cornices of a pediment, often recessed and decorated with sculpture
Tympanum
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Upright ornament at the eaves of a tile roof concealing the foot of a row of convex tiles that cover the joints of the flat tiles
Antefix
115
Entrablature Parts
Cornice, Frieze, Architrave
116
Uppermost member of a classical entablature, consisting typically of a cymathium, corona, and bed molding
Cornice
117
Horizontal part of a classical entablature between the ornice and architrave, often decorated with sculpture in low relief
Frieze
118
Lowermost division of a classical entablature, resting directly on the column capitals and supporting the frieze
Architrave
119
Under cornice, there is
Gutta and Mutule
120
Small drop like ornaments, atached to the underside of mutules
Gutta
121
A projecting glat block under the corona of a doric cornice
Mutule
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Frieze parts
Metope and Triglyph
123
Any of the panels, either plain or decorated, between triglyphs in the doric frieze
triglyphsMetope
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One of the vertical blocks separating the metops in a doric frieze
Triglyph
125
Architrave parts
Taenia, Regula
126
Raised band or fillet separating the frieze from the architrave, also called tenia
Taenia
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Fillet beneath the taenia in a doric entableture corresponding to a triglyph above and from which guattae are suspended. also called guttae hand.
Regula
128
Upper end of aa column, pillar, or pier, crowning the shaft and taking the weight of the entablature or architrave
Capita;
129
The flat slab forming the top of a column capital
Abacus
130
Predominant circular molding supporting the abacus of a doric capital
Echinus
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Central part of a column or pier between the capital and the base
Shaft
132
Decorative motif consisting of a series of long, rounded, parallel grooves
Flute
133
Narrow part of the sutface of a column shaft left between adjoining flutes
Fillet
134
Slight convexity to give a column to correct an optical illusion of concavity if the sides were straight
Entasis
135
Crepidoma parts
Stylobate, Stereobate
136
Course of masonry forming the foundation for a row of columns, esp the outermost colonnade of a classical temple
Stylobate
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Solid mass of masonry visible above ground level and serving aas the foundation of the building, especially the platform forming the floor and substructure of a classical temple
Stereobate
138
- More sophisticated order
- Spriral volutes of its capital
- Typicaally had molded bases
- Supported an entablature consisting of three fascias, a richly ornamented frieze, and a cornice corbelled out on egg and dart and dentil mouldings
Ionic Order
139
Architectural characteristics of Ionic Order
Beauty, Femininity, Slenderness
140
always set on a base (between the shaft and the crepidoma) - bears two spirals
Ionic Order
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The entablature of the ionic order consisted of an architrave divided into three broad bands known as
Fasciaa, a continous frieze, and an often elaborate cornice bearing dentils or tooth like blocks
142
Ornamental motif for enriching an ovolo or echinu. Also called egg ang tongue
Egg and dart
143
Series of closely space, small rectangular blocks forming a molding beneath the coronas of Ionic, corinthian, and composite cornices
Dentil
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One of the three horizontal bands making up the architrave in the ionic order
Fascia
145
Spiral, scroll like ornament, as on the capitals of the ionic, corinthian, and composite order
Volutes
146
Circular modlding under the cushion of an ionic capital, between the volutes
Echinus
147
Vertical guideline through the eye of a volute in an ionic capital from which the spiral form is deretmined
Cathetus
148
Small concave curve joining the shaft of a classical columnt to its base, also called aphophysis
Apophyge
149
Large convex, semicurcular molding, commonly found above the plinth of a base of a classical column
Torus
150
Deep concave molding between two fillet, also called Trochilus
Scotia
151
Piece of ground specially reserve and enclosed as sacred place. Also known as citadel or acropolis (Upper city)
Temenos
152
Temple on the acropolis of athens, earliest fully ionic temple. It was open, entered from propylaea's southwest wwing and from a narrow stair on the north
Temple of Nike Apteros
153
Architect of Temple of nike apteros
Callicatres
154
Vestibule or gateway of the architectural impoerance before a temple area or the entrance structure to acropolis in athens
Propylaea
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Architect of Propylaea
Mesicles
156
Colossal bronze statue of athena
Statue of athena
157
Who sculpted the statue of athena?
Pheidias
158
Ancient greek temple of the north side of the acropolis of athens in greece. Dedicated to both athena and Poseidon
Erectheion
159
Former temple on the athenian acropolis, greece, dedicated to the goddess athena, whom the ppl of athens considered their patron
The Parthenon
160
Architect of theParthenon
Ictrinus & Callicrates
161
Covered walkways or porticos, commonly for public usage
Stoa
162
Built against the slope of the hill, needed a retaining wall supported by piers and rounded arches
Stoa of Eumenes
163
Stone theatre located on the southwest slope of the arcopolis of athens
Odeon of Herodes Atticus
164
Who built the Odeon of Herodes Atticus and why?
Built by Herodes Atticus in memory of his wife
165
Major open air theathre, one of the earliest preserved in athens, used for festivals in honor of the god dionysus
Theater of Dionysos Eleuthereus
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