Byzantine Empire

Question 1

Geological Influence

Answer 1

No good building stones, and local materials such as clay for bricks and rubble for concrete were used.

Marble was also used but imported materials.

Question 2

Climatic Influence

Answer 2

Semi-tropical, thus flat roof was used and combined with domes, to counteract the New Empire

Question 3

Religious Influence

Answer 3

•Political division between the East and the West, followed by the division of Churches due to ICONOCLASTIC MOVEMENT

Question 4

built several military gates and towers (defence against the Goths and Huns) but cannot avoid the Moslems or the Islamic People.

Answer 4

Theodosius II

Question 5

responsible for rebuilding of St. Sophia (Divine Wisdom) which now turned to a
Moslem Mosque.

Answer 5

Justinian

Question 6

From Byzantium, Constantine renamed it to .. Now knows as …

Answer 6

Constantinople, Istanbul/ Also called New rome

Question 7

It was the architecture of the Eastern Roman Empire which was developed from early christian and late roman antecedent in the 4th century

Answer 7

Constantinople or New Rome

Question 8

Decree to ban the use of statues as means of representation either of human or animal form

Answer 8

Iconoclastic Movement

Question 9

Subtitute for iconoclastic movement

Answer 9

Painting figures in decoration

Question 10

Was merged with the domical system of the byzantine

Answer 10

Early Christian Basilicaa

Question 11

Contributed greatly to the fall of Roman Empire

Answer 11

Way of life and corruption

Question 12

From ? to ? Century was one of the fluctuating and gradually declining fortunes

Answer 12

5th to 11th

Question 13

had continued up to the present day to the seat of a Patriarch of the Orthodox church

Answer 13

Constantinople

Question 14

Architectural Character

Answer 14

-Mostly Church Construction
- Discarded Early Christian Style for new domical Byzantine style

Question 15

-Still official style for orthodox church

Answer 15

Byzantine style

Question 16

Basilican Plan was

Answer 16

Early christian

Question 17

Domed Centralized Plan

Answer 17

Byzantine

Question 18

Early Christian Architecture also drew on Roman Buildings with centralized plans, based on?

Answer 18

A circle, cross, or polygon

Question 19

Early Christian Architecture also drew on Roman Buildings with centralized plans, based on A circle, cross, or polygon. This form was most prominent in Roman Architecture in the building of ?

Answer 19

Mausolea

Question 20

Construction system of Byzantine

Answer 20

Domical construction with classical columnar style

Question 21

Material

Answer 21

Simplicity in external design which resulted in the use of clay and rubble
-Richness in internal treatment importing marble

Question 22

Columnation and Capitals

Answer 22

Dosseret block used as a deep abacus invented to enlarge surface for receiving wide voussors of arches or thick walls

Question 23

Examples of columns

Answer 23

Cushion Capital
Bird and basket
Wind swept acanthus

Question 24

Decoration of Byzantine

Answer 24

Stone bands instead of mouldings
Decorative Arches
Internal marble, mosaic and fresco decoration

Question 25

Characteristic Feature

Answer 25

• Large pendentive supported domes
  -Features the grouping of small domes and semi domes around a large central dome
• Extensive use of mosaic decoration
• Dont use campanile and atrium in their churches

Question 26

Were frmed from small cubes of stone or glass

Answer 26

Mosaic - tesserae

Question 27

Clear glass was often backed with gold to

Answer 27

create a rich, shimmering effect

Question 28

were used to cover every surface, replacing moldings and cornices and flowing uniterrupted over walls, arches and domes

Answer 28

Mosaic

Question 29

Dome and pendentives were part of the same sphere

Answer 29

Simple dome

Question 30

the dome is not part of the same sphere as the pendentives and domes rises independently upon them.

Answer 30

Compound Dome

Question 31

a curve triangle spanning between the arches. Whereas the Romans were able to build domes only over circular spaces, the pendentives allowed the Byzantines to build domes over square plans. The form probably originated from Aegean and Syrian architecture.

Answer 31

Pendentives

Question 32

consist of curved fluting which avoid the necessity of pendentives.

Answer 32

Melon-Shaped/ Pumpkin Dome

Question 33

Their ornaments were religious in character.
The most popular forms of ornaments used are

Answer 33

1. Symbolic Figures
2. Group of Saints
3. Peacock - symbol of eternal life
4. Endless Knot - symbol of eternity
5. Sacred Monogram of Christ.

Question 34

Most popular mosaic patterns for pavement:

Answer 34

Opus sectile and Opus Alexandrinum

Question 35

became the see of the Byzantine Carthage viceroys. Politically and geographically, therefore, it bridged East and West and the many buildings initiated by its rulers show the influence of the nascent Byzantine style.

Answer 35

Ravenna

Question 36

Built by Justinian, St. Sergius and Bacchus is similar to St.
Vitale, comprising a double shell of central octagon and outer square. However, it shows greater complexity, the niches of the inner core being alternately squared and rounded and finding an echo in the niched outer wall.

Answer 36

St. Segius and Bacchus.
Constantinople

Question 37

Square domed bays were introduced into basilical plans to create domed basilicas, built by Justinian in
532. Here, the dome rested on four arches supported by four huge piers, while the name to east and west was barrel vaulted and flanked by vaulted aisles and galleries.

Answer 37

St. Irene, Constantinople (532)

Question 38

Founded by Justinians in commemoration of the recover of Ravenna

Answer 38

St. Vitale Basilica, Ravenna

Question 39

•Also known as (Divine Wisdom)
*This is the most important church in Constantinople with 107 multi-colored columns
*Designed by Anthemius and
Isodorus

Answer 39

St. Sophia. Constantinople (Istanbul)
Or as Hagia Sophia

Question 40

form produced by the interpenetration of a cube and a hemisphere. They have small lonic angle volutes, combined with deeply undercut stylized foliage.

Answer 40

Cubiform Capitals

Question 41

saw greater decoration of the exteriors of churches. Bricks were arranged in patterns- herringbone, chevrons, meander, dog’s tooth
- in Greece thin bricks framed blocks of stone, in a style known as cloisonne. Blind niches, recessed arched windows. colonnettes and pilasters were also introduced.

Answer 41

Mid-Byzantine exterior

Question 42

“Greek Cross in plan with Ogee Arch
•Design by Cancelli

Answer 42

St. Mark Basilica, Venice

Question 43

Smallest cathedral in the world.

Answer 43

The Little Metropolis Cathedral, Athens

Question 44

The 1* century quincunx church of Kilise Cami was extended c. 1320 by a five-bayed exonarther (outer narthex) with three domes - a form traditional in Thessalonica. The elaborate façade of the exonarther features tall niches framing triple arcades with parapets, while on the upper floor five semi-circular blind arches are disposed in a different rhythm.

Answer 44

Kilise Cami/S. Theodore. Constantinople

Question 45

This quincunx church is framed by a U-shaped exonarthe with a dome in each corner. Its exterior is richly decorated, its faceted apse featuring steep recessed niches and elaborate brickwork with band of double zigzag.

Answer 45

Holy Apostle. Thessalonica (1310-14)