Andrology 2 & Semen A. Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
Spermatogonia are found in location:
- A
- B
- C
A
A.
2
Q
Spermatocytes are found in location:
A
C.
(please review the testicular Image in previous card)
3
Q
spermatozoa are found in location:
A
B
(To see the image easily use the option on the up-right of the page …….. o-o SEE ALL CARDS IN THIS DECK)
4
Q
The Seminiferous tubules are……., …………….
A
D, E
5
Q
Trueor false?
ROSNI is a method of assisted fertilization in which precursors of mature spermatozoa are injected into oocytes
A
True
6
Q
The Rete Testis is
A
H
7
Q
Efferent Ducts
A
Efferent Ducts : I
8
Q
Spermatozoa are drained along
- Rete testis, efferent ducts, caput
- Caput, rete testis, efferent ducts
- efferent ducts, caput, rete testis
- Rete testis, caput, efferent ducts
A
1.
9
Q
Caput Epididymis
Caudal Epididymis
Corpus Epididymis
Ductus Deferens
Spermatic Cord
Scrotum
Tunica Albuginea
A
- Caput Epididymis ►M
- Caudal Epididymis►O
- Corpus Epididymis►P
- Ductus Deferens ►K
- Spermatic Cord ⇒L
- Scrotum►J
- Tunica Albuginea ⇔G
10
Q
What process are involved in Spermatogenesis
- Proliferation
- Reduction division
- Differentiation
- Ejaculation
- Fertilisation
A
1, 2 and 3
11
Q
Which Process is Leads to Spermatogonia
- Proliferation
- Reduction division
- Differentiation
A
1
12
Q
Which Process is Leads to Spermatocytes
- Proliferation
- Reduction division
- Differentiation
A
2.
13
Q
which process is leads to spermatids
- Proliferation
- Reduction division
- Differentiation
A
3.
14
Q
Proliferation Process is a meiosis division (true or false?)
A
false
Proliferation Process is a Mitosis division
15
Q
Which Process Leads to Spermatocytes ?
- mitosis
- meiosis
A
2.
16
Q
During Spermatocytogensis, each Division of Stem Cells Produces…….
- Two spermatogonioum (stem cells)
- One spermatogonium and one spermatogonia; spermatogonia A-dark, A-pale, B
- Two spermatogonia
A
2.
17
Q
During the Reduction Division Phase Which Steps are Correct
- Spermatogonia (type B) divide by mitosis to form a primary spermatocyte
- A primary spermatocyte divides by meiosis to from a secondary spermatocyte
- A secondary spermtocyte divides by mitosis to form a spermatid
- A spermatid differentiates to form a spermatozoon
A
all correct
18
Q
the ploidy/chromosomes/chromatid in a spermatogonia is
- 2N:46:46
- 2N:46:2x46
- 1N:23:46
- 1N:23:23
A
1.
19
Q
The Ploidy/Chromosomes/Chromatid in a Primary Spermatocyte is
- 2N:46:46
- 2N:46:2x46
- 1N:23:46
- 1N:23:23
A
2.
20
Q
The Ploidy/Chromosomes/Chromatid in a Secondary Spermatocyte is
- 2N:46:46
- 2N:46:2x46
- 1N:23:46
- 1N:23:23
A
3.
21
Q
The Ploidy/Chromosomes/Chromatid in a Spermatid Is
- 2N:46:46
- 2N:46:2x46
- 1N:23:46
- 1N:23:23
A
4.
22
Q
ploidy/chromosomes/chromatid status of:
1. spermatogonia
2. Primary Spermatocyte
3. Secondary Spermatocyte
4. Spermatid
A
- 2N:46:46
- 2N:46:2x46
- 1N:23:46
- 1N:23:23
23
Q
Each cell division from a spermatogonium to a spermatid is incomplete the cells remain connected to one another by bridges of cytoplasm:
- to allow synchronous development
- to ensure each spermatid is the same size
- spermatogenesis is so fast cells do not have time to separate
A
1.
24
Q
The Developmental Sequence is:
- Spermatogonia, spermatid, spermatocyte,spermatozoa
- Spermatogonia, spermatocyte, spermatid, spermatozoa
- Spermatogonia, spermatocyte, spermatozoa, spermatid
A
2.
25
In the figure, define A,B,C,D,E,F and G
A , Spermatozoa
B, Spermatogonia
C, Spermatocytes
D, Spermatids
E,Sertoli Cells
F, Lumen of The **Seminiferous Tubule**
G, Basal Membrane
26
The **Blood Testis Barrier** is Located between the Sertoli Cells and the Basal Membrane
1. Yes
2. No
1.
27
the sperm cells and the Sertoli cells are connected by gap junctions
1. Yes
2. No
1.
note: sertoli cells connected to sperm by gap juction, while connected to Basal membrane by tight junction to form the blood testicular barrier)
28
the transit time from spermatogonia to spermatozoa is in the order of:
1. 28 days
2. 52 days
3. 61 days
4. 65 days
5. 80 days
4.
29
the transit time for spermatozoa to move from release into the lumen through the epididymus is about:
1. 2-14 days
2. 2-25 days
3. 2-30 days
4. 2-40 days
1.
30
Male and Female Endocrinology Differ in:
1. Female system are cyclic and the male system is continuous
2. They use different GnRH systems
3. They employ different gonadotrophic hormones
1.
31
Hormones that involved in Spermatogenesis process:
1. FSH and LH
2. FSH only
3. LH only
1.
32
Which is True ?
1. FSH only binds to Sertoli cells
2. FSH binds to both Sertoli cells and Leydig cells
3. Sertoli cells are equivalent to female granulosa cells
4. Under FSH, sertoli cells produce Androgen Binding Protein (ABP)
5. Under FSH, sertoli cells produce Androgen Binding Protein (ABP) and Inhibin
6. Seminiferous function is mediated by ABP and testosterone
7. Pituitary release is mediated by Inhibin
8. Sertoli cell function is mediated by Testosterone
9. Serum FSH is a marker of germinal epithelium function and spermatogenesis.
10. Decreased inhibin will cause the serum FSH to rise
1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
33
The **Leydig Cells** are:
1. located on both sides of the germinal epithilium
2. _located only on the outside of the germinal epithelium_
3. _controlled by the binding of LH to receptors_
4. mediated by both FSH and LH
5. _the main source of testosterone_
6. _influenced by Prolactin_
7. _an estimator of masculine characteristics_
8. _an equivalent to the female ovarian theca cells_
2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8
34
**what is NOT Correct regarding Testosterone?**
1. _The normal range is between 10-30 nmol/L_
2. The normal range is between 10-15 nmol/L
3. _is converted to DHT (dihydro-testosterone)_
4. _modulates LH secretion by both DHT and oestradiol_
5. _Binds to the Lydig cells by the Androgen receptor_
6. _testosterone is converted to DHT and binds with ABP to support spermatogenesis_
7. _exogenesis testosterone will lower serum FSH_
2.
35
Azoospermia with Normal FSH, LH and Testosterone Indicates
1. failed spermatogenesis
2. mechanical obstruction
3. puberty
2.
36
Elevated FSH and LH but Low Testosterone Indicates
1. mechanical obstruction
2. germ cell insufficiency
3. primary testicular failure
3.
37
Low FSH, LH and Testosterone Indicates
1. mechanical obstruction
2. germinal cell insufficiency
3. hypothalamic or pituitary insufficiency
4. primary testicular failure
3.
38
Elevated FSH But Normal LH And Testosterone Indicates:
1. mechanical obstruction
2. germinal cell insufficiency
3. primary testicular failure
4. pituitary insufficiency
2.
(note: normal LH and T but elevated FSH indicate "feedback issue" result from germinal cell insufficiency)
39
**“spermia”** Refers to.................
Ejaculate
40
Zoospermia” refere to..............
Spermatozoa
41
The Presence of Leukocytes in The Ejaculate **Above** the Threshold Value Is Called:
* pyospermia
* leukospermia
* leukocytospermia,
42
**Aspermia is ....**
lack of ejaculation
43
* **cryptozoospermia**
spermatozoa absent from fresh preparations but observed in a centrifuged pellet is termed: **cryptozoospermia**
44
No spermatozoa in the ejaculate (given as the limit of quantification for the assessment method employed)
**azoospermia**
45
**Necrozoospermia**
Low Percentage of Live, and High Percentage of Immotile, Spermatozoa in the Ejaculate Is Termed: **Necrozoospermia**
46
Presence of Erythrocytes in the Ejaculate Is Termed:
**Haemospermia** or **Haematospermia**
47
What is the CORRECT of the following terms :
1. _asthenospermia_
2. _asthenoteratospermia_
3. _cryptospermia_
4. oligoasthenozoospermia
5. _oligoasthenospermia_
4.
48
SOAF is ..........................
**SOAF**: Sperm Oocyte-Activating Factor which is
* Testis specific
* Sperm borne
49
Microinjection of SOAF CRNA or Recombinant Protein should........................
* Mimic the ICSI induced oocyte activation
* Induce calcium oscillations in the oocyte
* Induce the resumption of meiosis in the oocyte
* Initiate the formation of the female pronucleus 2PN
50
SOAF Induced Oocyte Activation Should Be
**Blocked by relevant antibodies or competitive peptides**
51
SOAF must be Present During the Fertilization Process
**False**
52
SOAF must reside in the:
**Peri-nuclear theca**
53
SOAF Should Originate During
**Spermatid Elongation**
54
Candidates for SOAF Include:
* PAWP
* Citrate synthase
* Phospholipase C zeta (PLCz)
* Show lower or absent levels of SOAF
55
The preferred period of abstinence is
2-7 days
56
(WHO 2010) lower limit for sperm concentration is
15 million sperm/ml (WHO 2010)
16 MIillion/ml (WHO 2021)
57
The lower threshold limit for normal morphology is
4% normal forms
58
blood in semen..................
**haematospermia**
## Footnote
**causes:**
Inflammation of the reproductive tract
Infection of the reproductive tract
Blockage or injury of the reproductive tract
damage to the seminal vesicles
Damage to the seminal prostate
59
If no other Symptom than the bleeding
**Primary Haematospermia**
60
If there is one clear Symptom for the bleeding ..........
**Seconday Haematospermia**
61
**Apart from BPH (benign prostate enlargement), other rare causes of Haematospermia may include:**
1. _parasitic infections_
2. _tuberculosis_
3. rough sex
4. _haemophilia_
5. _chronic liver disease_
6. any sexually transmitted infection (STI)
1, 2, 4, and 5
62
* **47XXY**
**Klinefelter's Syndrome ⇒**
**(1:500 birth)**
63
Klinefelter’s syndrome is the most common cause of **Hypogonadism**
true
64
The main problem with Klinefelter’s syndrome is:
1. Low testosterone
2. Excessive oestrogen
3. Low LH
1.
65
**Klinefelter’s Syndrome Symptoms include:**
1. Atypically tall
2. Reduced facial and body hair
3. Gynecomastia
4. Atypically large testes
5. Osteoporosis
6. Reduced libido
7. Poor erections
1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7
66
**Klinefelter’s syndrome diagnosed by ..........**
Karyotyping
## Footnote
**Testes size (1-4ml)**
**Karyotype**
**Endocrinology**
67
The Endocrinology in Klinefelter’s Syndrome may be expected as:
1. _Elevated FSH_
2. Decreased FSH
3. Normal FSH
4. _Elevated LH_
5. Decreased LH
6. Normal LH
7. Elevated testosterone
8. _Decreased testosterone_
9. Normal testosterone
1, 4 and 8
68
Which structure produces a fluid that helps sperm gain motility?
a. Cowper's glands
b. epididymis
c. seminal vesicles
d. bulbourethral glands
e. prostate
e.
69
During the spermatogenesis ....................?
spermatogonia (type B) divide by **mitosis** to form
primary spermatocyte
divides by **meiosis** to from
secondary spermatocyte
divides by **mitosis** to form
a spermatid
differentiates (spermiogenesis) to form
spermatozoon
70
The ploidy/chromosomes/chromatid in a primary spermatocyte is:
a. 2N:46:2x46
b. 2N:46:46
c. 1N:23:46
d. 1N:23:23
1.
**2N:46:2x46**
thus the primary spermatocyte is largest cell in spermatogenesis
71
Which of the following is NOT true of the acrosome reaction?
a. it begins with the release of trypsin-like enzymes
b. it is necessary to penetrate the corona radiate
c. it is necessary for fertilization to occur
d. the sperm head membranes are biochemically modified
e. it is induced after binding to the zona pellucida
b.
72
In the human male, each cycle of spermatogenesis takes about 64 days.
Spermatogonial mitosis occupies about ......days,
the first meiotic division takes about .....days,
the second meiotic division takes about ........... days,
and spermiogenesis requires about ............ days.
Spermatogonial mitosis 16 days,
first meiotic division takes about .8 days,
the second meiotic division takes about 16 days,
and spermiogenesis requires about 24 days.
73
Which process is leads to spermatocytes?
a. proliferation
b. differentiation
c. reduction division
c.
74
What is the consists of secretions of several glands during sperm ejaculating the .
**Bulbourethral gland** (2-5%) - cleans the urethra, anti-acid environment of the vagina, mucus for lubrication during ejaculation.
**Seminal vesicles** (46-80%) - proteins, enzymes, prostaglandins, fructose
**prostate** (13-33%)- Zinc: This mineral promotes sperm motility Citric acid: This organic acid contributes to semen's acidity and enzymes that help break down proteins and coagulants.
**Epididymis** (5%)- glycoprotiens, storage, maturation of sperm.
75
DNA damage seen in human sperm is not yet precisely understood. Three main theories have been proposed as..............
**Defective sperm chromatin packaging (protamin)**
**Apoptosis**
**Oxidative Stress.**
76
Causes of High DNA fragmentation
Spinal cord injury
Chemotherapy
Testicular cancer
Environmental toxins
Hormonal factors like testosterone
Cigarette smoking
Alcohol consumption
Genital tract inflammation
Testicular hyperthermia
Varicoceles
**All these factors induce sperm DNA damage by directly increasing the reactive oxygen species (ROS)**
77
Describe steps of sperm-oocyte interactions till fertilization.
Sperm capacitation
Sperm-zona pellucida binding
Acrosome reaction
Penetration of the zona pellucida
Sperm-oocyte binding
Egg activation
Rise in intracellular calcium concentration
Cortical reaction
Zona reaction
Post-fertilization events
78
post-ferilization events
When a signaling cascade leads to the cortical granule reaction
oocyte activation takes place.
Increase of Maturation Promoting Factor (MPF)
The oocyte completes its second meiotic division
The sperm’s tail and mitochondria degenerate with the formation of the male pronucleus which migrates toward the center of the oocyte.
and releases a second polar body.
2PN formation
sengamy
Maternal mRNA recruitment
Rapid replication of its DNA prepares the zygote for the first mitotic division
79
Sperm soluble factor **PLC-Z** induce oocte activity by..................
Phospholipase C (PLC-Z) generates two second messengers:
**Inositol Triphosphate (IP3)** and **Diacylglycerol (DAG)** leading to Releasing of Ca2+
80
What are the available methods for detecting Sperm vitality (alive sperms)?
Sperm vitality should be determined in semen samples with ≤50% motile spermatozoa.
**The dye exclusion method:** It is based on the principle that damaged plasma membranes, such as those found in non-vital (dead) cells, allow entry of membrane-permeant stains with loss of osmo regulation which does not allow the dye to defusee out.
**Hypo-osmotic swelling (HOS) test:** This presumes test that only sperms with intact membranes (live cells) will swell in hypotonic solutions.
81
Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay (SCSA)
SCSA allows the assessment of sperm chromatin nuclear protein changes as well as sperm DNA fragmentation.
Frozen sperm samples are thawed and exposed to a 30 seconds low-pH acid denaturation.
Immediately exposed to - acridine orange and processed for
- flow cytometry
-The SCSA uses acridine orange staining to label the double-stranded DNA with green and the single-stranded DNA with red.
-
82
Sperm Chromatin Dispersion (SCD)
SCD (Halosperm) is a simple, reliable, and reproducible technique.
-The SCD test assesses the capacity of the sperm chromatin to form dispersion halos
-Samples are stained with propidium iodide and 200 spermatozoa were assessed and classified as fragmented or nonfragmented spermatozoa
83
Comet Assay
The COMET assay (single-cell gel electrophoresis) is a simple method to assess sperm DNA integrity.
Briefly, mix of spermatozoa and low melting point agarose is spread on two-well slide, and submitted to various treatments meant to induce DNA unwinding.
-The cells undergo an electrophoresis and, using a fluorescent dye.
-The DNA forms a structure that looks like a comet المُذّنب (with head and tail);
-The head consists of intact DNA and the tail is made of broken DNA ----The intensity of the comet represents the proportion of DNA that has been broken off and the distance traveled by the comet, the relative sizes of those pieces of DNA.
-The alkaline COMET assay gives a comprehensive measure of DNA damage as it reveals multiple DNA damage subtypes (i.e. single and double DNA strand breaks, and, at higher pH conditions, alkali-labile sites).
Pros:
-The COMET assay involves the collection of data at the level of the single cell; therefore, very few cells are needed to complete the procedure, allowing the use of samples from men having very low sperm count
84
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase-mediated dUTP Nick End-labelling (TUNEL)
TUNEL assay is a common method to detect DNA breaks resulting from apoptosis
-The procedure involves labeling the DNA strand breaks in sperm cells with fluorescent dUTP (deoxyuridine triphosphate) using the enzyme terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT).
-Frozen sperm samples are thawed, fixed, permeabilized and stained before being processed by flow cytometry.
-The TUNEL assay is considered a direct approach, because of the absence of cell lysis and DNA denaturation steps.
-The labeled sperm cells are visualized using a fluorescence microscope equipped with appropriate filters. The images are captured and analyzed using image analysis software to quantify the extent of DNA fragmentation.
-Quantitative measurement of DNA fragmentation
85
Anti-sperm Antibody (IgA& IgG) MAR Test
MAR Test (Mixed Antiglobulin Test)
Reagents
Latex particles coated with (IgA)
Latex Particle coated with (IgG)
Antihuman IgG Antibody
***Procedures
- Take 5µL Liquefied semen
-Add 5µL Latex reagent
-mix well
-Keep in Humid chamber for 3 min at 370C
-Examine after 3 min incubation Keep the same slide in
-Humid chamber for 7 min more at 370 C
-Examine the same slide under Microscope after 10 min (3 + 7 = 10 min)
Repeat all procedures for IgA
Examine 200 – 500 sperms & count the following :
- Number of motile sperms.
-Number of motile sperms attached to red-colored latex particle (agglutination).
-Define grade & group of agglutination
86
indications for sperm DFI test
**DNA fragmintation test for:**
* Couples with a history of miscarriages.
* unexplained infertility
* Men older than 40
* Use of tight-fitting clothing
* history of cancer
* Exposed to toxic agents
* Urogenital infections
* Unhealthy lifestyle habits: smoke, Alcohol, obese.
* Poor quality of the embryo during second IVF cycles
* Male factor of unknown cause.
87
**Mechanism that Pentoxifylline and theophylline induce sperm motility**
by inhibiting phosphodiesterase activity that leads to an increase in intracellular cyclic adenine mononucleotide phosphate (cAMP) levels
88
Pentoxifylline concentration and methodology
We use a **3.6-mM Pentoxyifylline** exposure and expect the motility of the spermatozoa to be activated within 10 minutes in most cases.
If motility is not observed within 20 minutes, we then proceed to use the **HOST.**
89
Roles of inhibin-B and Activin in spermatogenesis
**Inhibin-B**
secreted by Sertoli cells and act as feedback on the anterior pituitary decreasing FSH secretion.
**Activin**,
produced by the germinal epithelium, is inhibited by
inhibin-B action and exerts positive feedback on the anterior pituitary by increasing FSH secretion.
90
**Hypoandrogenism** is defines as serum testosterone below...................ng/l
Total testosterone below 280–300 ng/dL
(Morning blood sample)
91
The main causes of male infertility include....
1. Anatomical and developmental defects (sertoli cell only, germ cell aplasia,......etc)
2. Ejaculatory failure (Retograde ejaculation,...)
3. Environmental toxicity
4. Dysfunctional spermatogenesis (hypogonadism, Y chromosome microdeletion, chromosomal abnormality, Kallman S, 47xxy,..........etc)
5. Endocrine and immunological disturbances ( antisperm Ab, Testesteron deficiency, testicular failure,....)
6. Systemic and lifestyle diseases (Diabetes M, hypertension, smoking, alcohol cosumption...)
7. Abnormal sperm parameters (oligoatheno terato, necrospermia, globospermia,...).
8. High sperm DNA fragmintation ( Oxidative stress, apoptosis, histon and protamin defect,...)
9. Irreversible causes ( Testicular atrophy, viral Orchitis, chemotherapy, radiotherapy...)
10. reversible causes (obstruction, hypogonadism, Varicocoel,......)
11. Idiopathic infertility
92
TRUE OR FALSE
Sperm DNA damage cannot be repaired by the sperm itself but some can be corrected by the oocyte postfertilization
True
93
Sperm head has specific sites recognizes to binding receptors on ( ZP1, ZP2 , or ZP3) to undergoes the acrosom reaction?
ZP3
94
limitations of Sperm testicular retrieval (SR)
**limitations of Sperm testicular retrieval (SR)**
1. persistent pain, swelling, infection, hydrocele, and hematoma
2. excessive tissue removal may result in decrease in serum testosterone levels
3. Risks of testicular atrophy, Fibrosis and obstruction
4. inavsive and painful techniques
5. potential risks of immature SR
6. if performed in OPU day, in case few or no SR this lead to cycle cancellation.
7. Added costs
