EHSHRE Exam sample 2 Flashcards
Microarray technique principle?
The principle behind microarrays is that ⇔ complementary sequences will bind to each other.
The unknown DNA molecules are cut into ► fragments by restriction endonucleases;►then labelled with flourochromes.
►known DNA is also labelled with flourochromes (Control)
►both labelled DNA allowed hybridized to bacerial artificial DNA (Refrence) on a slid ship.
►computer software used to analyse all chromosomes.
Hypophysectomy
A hypophysectomy is a surgery done to remove the pituitary gland.
The pituitary gland, also called the hypophysis.
Hypophysectomy
Before sexual maturity(table below)
After sexual maturity
- Undeveloped reproductive tracts
- Nonfunctional reproductive system
- Hypogonadism
- Loss of function
- Atrophy of gonads and accessories reproductive structural
A young women asked you. My pituitary gland was removed, so now I replace a lot of hormones. I didn’t have a period for awhile, but once I changed my doses of estrogen and progesterone, now I have one like clockwork every month. I’m still in my 30s. Is it possible for me to become pregnant?
The pituitary hormones FSH and LH direct the ovaries to grow eggs each cycle and promote production of estrogen and progesterone.
They are most likely deficient in this patient, as she is taking estrogen and progesterone.
These hormones can be given as injections as a substitution therapy to induce egg growth and hormone production. and then IVF is recommended.
Hyperprolactinemia
Hyperprolactinemia means higher-than-normal levels of prolactin in blood.
The most common cause is a prolactinoma, a benign (noncancerous) tumor pituitary gland.
Hyperprolactinemia has been linked to a state of male hypogonadism and a reduction in semen quality,and affect levels of testosterone.
in females, prolactin is responsible for milk production and can disrupt ovulation. An abundance of prolactin can lower estrogen production, causing infertility directly.
what’s the effects of UV on DNA
UV prevent chromosomal condensation before meiosis thus causing direct harm to cell division
Explain roles of:
- Amino acids in IVF culture media
- Pyruvate
- Glucose
- Amino acids are important regulators of embryo development.
- aa helps the embryo to maintain its redox potential and prevent damage from peroxidative reactions.
- Under in-vitro conditions, oocytes and embryos generate ATP by aerobic oxidative metabolism of pyruvate (important prior to genomic activation)
- pyruvate remove toxic ammonium ions via transamination to alanine.
- After genome activation (after d3), glucose becomes a key metabolite, required for lipid, amino acid and nucleic acid synthesis.
Wester Blot used for………….?
Western Blot is a laboratory method used to detect specific protein molecules from among a mixture of proteins.
This mixture can include all of the proteins associated with a particular tissue or cell type.
- An important technique used in cell and molecular biology.
- The technique uses three elements to accomplish this task:
- separation by size.
- transfer to a solid support.
- marking target protein using a proper primary and secondary antibody to visualize.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern.
Males have only one copy of the X chromosome from their mother and one copy of the Y chromosome from their father.
carrier mother will transmit her X chromosome( has a DMD gene mutation, will have Duchenne muscular dystrophy) for half of sons
Examples of autosomal dominant diseases diagnosed by PGD
Examples of autosomal dominant diseases diagnosed by PGD
- Marfan’s syndrome
- Familial adenomatous
- polyposis coli
- Huntington’s disease
- Myotonic dystrophy
- Osteogenesis imperfecta
Examples of autosomal recessive diseases diagnosed by PGD
Examples of autosomal recessive diseases diagnosed by PGD
- Cystic fibrosis (various mutations)
- Sickle cell anemia
- Tay–Sachs disease
- Spinal muscular atrophy
- β-Thalassemia
- Adrenogenital syndrome
- Hypophosphatemia
- AHBS STC ☺
Examples of X-linked diseases diagnosed by PGD
Examples of X-linked diseases diagnosed by PGD
(a) Sexing
- Duchenne muscular dystrophy
- Becker muscular dystrophy
- Chronic granulomatosis
- Hunter’s syndrome
- Hemophilia
- Adrenoleukodystrophy
- Barth syndrome
- X-linked hydrocephalus
- X-linked ataxia
- X-linked incontinentia pigmentosa
- X-linked mental retardation
- X-linked Wiscott–Aldrich
- X-linked spastic paraplegia
- Laber’s optic atrophy
- Sensory motor neuron disease
- Retinitis pigmentosa
- Bruton’s disease
- Menkes disease
(b) Specific diagnoses
- Duchenne muscular dystrophy
- Hemophilia
- Lesch–Nyhan syndrome
- Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease
Biopsied blastomeres are in :
a) Prophase
b) Telophase
c) Anaphase
d) Interphase
d) ؟
Glucose in oviduct
0.5 to 3.1 mM
% of infertility in USA
WOMEN 15-49 YO
(19%)
Colchicine results in doubling of chromosome number due to……………..
colchicine prevents the microtubule formation during cell division, thus the chromosomes do not pull apart like they normally do.
A spindle poison is a poison that interrupts the cell division by affecting the spindles.
There are several spindle poisons such as mebendazole, colchicine, vinca alkaloids, taxol. Colchicine is an alkaloid which inhibits the microtuble polymerization, organisation and orientation of spindle fibres which is essential to mitosis.
Oxytocin released in response to cervical or uterine stimuli?
cervical
Hysterosalpingography (HSG)
Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is an X-ray procedure that is used to view the inside of the uterus and fallopian tubes.
It often is used to see if the fallopian tubes are partly or fully blocked.
It also can show if the inside of the uterus is a normal size and shape.
it may be advised to 2ry infertile women.
hermaphrodite & Androgen
Androgen Insensitivity syndrome AIS is caused by a mutation in the androgen receptor (AR) gene resulting in deficient action of androgens and therefore incomplete masculinization
referred to as XY DSD disorder of sexual development (DSD) formerly classified as male pseudo hermaphroditism.
plasminogen activator in implantation
Plasminogen activators are serine proteases that catalyze the activation of plasmin via proteolytic cleavage of its zymogen form plasminogen.
many enzymes are required for the trophoblast cells to breach the basement membrane during implantation. Plasminogen activator (PA) is probably involved in these proteinase activities during embryo implantation.
PA converts the inactive plasminogen into serine protease plasmin. This broad-spectrum proteinase can cause degradation of extracellular matrix directly or indirectly by activating latent metalloproteinases.
spinal cord injury and Ejaculation in male?
male inability to ejaculate after spinal cord injury
SO
Electroejaculation is another technique that can be used to stimulate ejaculation in men with spinal cord injury.
Meiosis in male spermatogonia starts in………………………while in female oogonia………….
spermatogonia don’t start meiosis until puberty
Oogonia starts meiosis 12 weeks of gestation
female primordial follicles become primary oocyte at ………….
primordial follicles become primary oocyte at 16-20 week of gestation
oocyte re-enter prophase of meiosis 1 ………..
oocyte re-enter prophase of meiosis 1 preovulatory
(11 years girl)
capacitation occurs in female reproductive tracts and involved………
- capacitation involved 2 steps:
- removal of epididymal and seminal plasma proteins
- phosphorylation of sperm protein which very important for sperm motility
(lateral head displacement)
