Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pharmacotherapeutics > Anemias (exam 3) > Flashcards

Anemias (exam 3) Flashcards

(92 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Anemia

A

Low hemoglobin concentration
reduced oxygen-carrying capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hemoglobin (Hb)

A

Iron rich protein in RBCs that carries oxygen from lungs to tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Anemia level in men

A

Hb < 13 g/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Anemia level in women

A

Hb < 12 g/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

hormone released from kidneys that signals bone marrow to make RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Reticulocytes

A

immature RBCs that become erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Erythrocytes

A

mature RBCs that mainly consist of Hb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Normal life span of erythrocytes

A

120 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Erythropoiesis feedback loop leads to

A

increased RBC production
Decreased Hb concentration
increased erythropoietin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Etiology of anemia

A

blood loss
decreased RBC production
increased RBC destruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Underproduction of RBCs

A

Problem with bone marrow
lack of iron folate b12
Kidney dysfunction of EPO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Destruction of RBCs results in

A

low Hb
high reticuloctye count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Anemia risk factors

A

Women of childbearing age
Blood donors
Advanced age
CKD
Cancer
Poor dietary intake
Malabsorption syndromes
Medications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Chronic anemia symptoms

A

fatigue, lethargy, dyspnea, weakness, headache, pale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Rapid onset anemia symptoms

A

chest pain, palpitations, tachycardia, breathlessness, orthostatic lightheadedness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Anemia Labs

A

CBC with RBC indices
Reticulocyte index
Deficiencies
Stool sample for occult blood
Peripheral blood smear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Microcytic

A

MCV < 80 fL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Macrocytic

A

MCV > 100 fL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Normocytic

A

MCV 80-100 fL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hyperchromic

A

Pernicious anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hypochromic

A

iron deficiency anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Macrocytic Anemias

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency
Folate deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Macrocytic can be broken down into ____ and _____

A

Megaloblastic

Nonmegaloblastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Megaloblastic

A

Abnormal DNA metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
B12 and folate are ____ in DNA synthesis
co-enzymes
26
Vitamin B12
water-soluble crucial for neurologic function, RBC production, and DNA/RNA synthesis
27
Dietary sources of vitamin b12
meat, fish, poultry, dairy, fortified cereals
28
Vitamin B12 depends on ___ and ____ for absorption
gastric acid intrinsic factor
29
Which deficiency takes several years to develop?
B12
30
Recommended dietary allowance of B12
Adults: 2 mcg Pregnant/breastfeeding: 2.6 mcg
31
Etiology of B12 anemia
Inadequate intake and malabsorption
32
Malabsorption of B12
Decreased ileal absoption Decreased intrinsic factor Inadequate gastric acid production
33
Clinical presentation of b12 anemia
fatigue, dyspnea, weakness NEUROLOGIC - can be irreversible
34
Lab findings in b12 anemia
High MCV > 100 fL Leukopenia Thrombocytopenia B12 normal in early or low (<200) High homocysteine and MMA
35
Oral and parenteral vitamin b12 are ____
equally efficacious
36
Oral B12
Cyanocobalmin 1000 mcg PO QD Sublingual for 30 seconds
37
Cyanocobalmin ADRs
Allergic reaction, pruritis, rash, diarrhea
38
Cyanocobalmin interactions
omeprazole and ascorbic acid may decrease absorption
39
Parenteral B12 1000mcg/1mL is recommended for
neurologic symptoms
40
Parenteral B12 ADRs
Injection site pain, allergic reaction, dizziness, fluid retention
41
Nascobal 500 mcg/0.1 mL is recommended for
maintenance therapy
42
Nascobal is not recommended for
Patients w nasal disease Nervous system involvement Using another nasal spray
43
Folate (B9)
water-soluble vitamin necessary for RBC production and DNA/RNA synthesis
44
Folate deficiency occurs within
3-4 months
45
Recommended daily allowance of folate
400 mcg in males and non preg 600 mcg in pregnant 500 mcg for lactating
46
Etiologies of folate deficiency
Inadequate intake Decreased absorption Medications (methotrexate) Increased folate requirements
47
Lab findings of folate deficiency
low Hb/Hct leukopenia thrombocytopenia high MCV low serum folate (<3) High homocysteine Normal MMA and B12
48
Folic acid supplementation
1 mg PO QD
49
Folic acid drug interactions
phenytoin carbamazepine primidone valproate
50
Microcytic anemias
iron deficiency anemia
51
Most common cause of anemia
iron deficiency
52
Risk factors of IDA
women young children >65 years old vegetarians frequent blood donors
53
Recommended daily allowance of iron
8 mg adults + postmenopausal 18 mg menstruating
54
Iron absorption depends on
Type of iron molecule (heme vs. nonheme) Others absorbed with it Gastric pH
55
Iron-transport protein
Transferrin
56
Iron is stored as
ferritin in liver, bone marrow, spleen hemosiderin in liver and bone marrow
57
Transferrin ____ available iron from aging RBCs during phagocytosis
recycles
58
Hepcidin
regulates iron absorption, recycling, and mobilization from storage
59
Etiology of iron deficiency
decreased intake decreased absorption increased demand increased loss of iron
60
Stage 1 Iron deficiency
requirement > intake iron stores reduced normal iron, low ferritin
61
Stage 2 iron deficiency
Iron stores depleted recycled iron maintains Hb synthesis Hb lower, low TSAT, high TIBC
62
Stage 3 iron deficiency
Impairs RBC synthesis Results in anemia low Hb
63
Severe iron deficiency symptoms
glossal pain koilonychias phagophagia pica
64
Iron panel
Serum iron Serum ferritin Total iron binding capacity (TIBC) Transferrin saturation (TSAT)
65
Oral iron max absorption in the ____ Why?
Duodenum Acidic environment
66
Oral iron recommended daily dose
150-200 mg elemental iron daily
67
Oral iron products
Ferrous sulfate Ferrous sulfate, anhydrous Ferrous gluconate Ferrous fumarate Polysaccharide-iron complex
68
Ferrous sulfate % elemental
20%
69
Ferrous sulfate, anhydrous % elemental
30%
70
Ferrous gluconate % elemental
12%
71
Ferrous fumarate % elemental
33%
72
Oral iron ADRs
dark/discolored stools, constipation, nausea
73
When to take iron?
Empty stomach at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after Can take with meals if GI side effects or take with OJ
74
Use IV iron when
Patient is nonadherent Significant blood loss Malabsorption syndromes CKD Chemo on ESAs
75
Iron Dextran (IV) indication
iron deficiency for anyone unable to tolerate oral iron
76
Iron Dextran BBW
Anaphylactic type reactions
77
Iron Sucrose (IV) indications
IDA with CKD
78
Iron Sucrose ADRs
Hypotension Muscle/leg cramps anaphylactic reactions
79
Which IV iron has the lowest risks?
Iron sucrose
80
Ferumoxytol (IV) indication
IDA with CKD
81
Ferumoxytol BBW
Anaphylaxis
82
Which IV iron may alter ability of MRI?
Ferumoxytol
83
Sodium Ferric Gluconate (IV) indications
IDA with CKD on hemodialysis in conjunction with ESA therapy
84
Sodium Ferric Gluconate ADRs
Cramps, nausea, vomiting, flushing, hypotension, rash, pruritus
85
_____ has less anaphylaxis compared to iron dextran
Sodium Ferric Gluconate
86
Ferric Carboxymaltose (IV) indications
IDA who failed oral iron therapy IDA intolerant to oral therapy CKD not on dialysis
87
Ferric Carboxymaltose ADRs
Flushing, nausea, dizziness, headache, hypertension, decreased phosphate, anaphylaxis
88
Length of iron therapy
Response seen in 7-10 days Continue 3-6 months after anemia is resolved
89
Target of iron therapy
increase Hb by 1 g/dL per week
90
Blood transfusion indication
Symptomatic patients with Hb < 7 g/dL
91
Risks of blood transfusion
Infections Volume overload Hyperkalemia Citrate toxicity Rejection
92

Pharmacotherapeutics (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions