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Pharmacotherapeutics > Principles Of Lab Tests (exam 1) > Flashcards

Principles Of Lab Tests (exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Components of a BMP

A

sodium
potassium
chloride
CO2
glucose
BUN
Sr Cr

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2
Q

A comprehensive metabolic panel includes BMP and

A

Albumin
Alkaline phosphatatse
alanine aminotransferase
total bilirubin
calcium
magnesium and phosphorus

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3
Q

sodium normal range

A

135-147 mEq/L

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4
Q

sodium functions

A

regulate serum osmolarity, fluid balance and acid base balance
maintain electrical potential for transmission of nerve impules

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5
Q

most prevalent cation in extracellular fluid

A

sodium

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6
Q

hypernatremia

A

increased sodium intake
increased fluid loss

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7
Q

hyponatremia

A

decrease in total body sodium
excess accumulation of body water

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8
Q

potassium normal range

A

3.5 - 5 mmol/L

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9
Q

potassium functions

A

regulates nerve excitability
acid base balance
muscle function

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10
Q

main intracellular cation

what does this mean about serum concentrations?

A

potassium

nor always the most accurate indicator

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11
Q

hyperkalemia causes

A

metabolic/respiratory acidosis
renal failure
dehydration
medications

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12
Q

medications that can cause hyperkalemia

A

ACE/ARB inhibitors
potassium sparing diuretics
bactrim
potassium supplements
drospirenone containing contraceptives

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13
Q

hypokalemia causes

A

severe diarrhea/vomiting
respiratory alkalosis
alcohol abuse
Cushing disease

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14
Q

medications that cause hypokalemia

A

any type of diuretic
amphotericin B
insulin
albuterol
sodium bicarbonate

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15
Q

relationship between potassium and magnesium

A

direct (one increases, the other does as well)

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16
Q

chloride normal range

A

95 - 105 mEq/L

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17
Q

functions of chloride

A

main extracellular anion
passive role in fluid balance and acid base balance

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18
Q

hyperchloremia causes

A

metabolic acidosis
respiratory alkalosis
dehydration
diabetes insipidus
renal disorders

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19
Q

hypochloremia causes

A

prolonged vomiting
metabolic alkalosis
heart failure SIADH
use of acid suppressants

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20
Q

carbon dioxide normal range

A

22 -28 mEq/L

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21
Q

functions of CO2

A

regulates physiologic pH

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22
Q

bicarb level

A

sum of dissolved CO2 and bicarbonate ion that exists in serum

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23
Q

hypercarbia is from _______________ while hypocarbia is from ______________

A

metabolic alkalosis

metabolic acidosis

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24
Q

BUN normal range

A

6 - 20 mg/dL

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25
functions of BUN
end product of protein catabolism marker of renal function
26
increased BUN can be from
renal failure heart failure GI bleeding dehydration
27
decreased BUN can be from
liver failure
28
creatinine normal range
0.6 - 1.2 mg/dL
29
creatinine is a catabolic product of
creatine phosphate used in skeletal muscle contraction
30
functions of creatinine
released into blood and excreted by glomerular filtration in the kidneys marker of renal dysfunction
31
increased creatinine causes
renal dysfunction dehydration urinary tract obstruction hyperthyroidism nephrotoxic medications
32
decreased creatinine causes
cachexia elderly patients comatose injury patients spinal cord injury patients
33
BUN/creatinine ratio normal range
~10-20:1
34
when BUN/creatinine ratio is over 20,
intravascular depression or pre renal cause (GI bleeding, dehydration)
35
a normal BUN/creatinine ratio in the setting of renal dysfunction indicates
intrinsic renal disease
36
Creatinine clearance is used to it is useful to
assess kidney function monitor patients of nephrotoxic medications and assess need for renal dosing adjustments
37
creatinine clearance cannot be used in
fluctuating serum creatinine
38
glucose normal range (fasting)
70-99 mg/dL
39
glucose range in diabetics
fasting: 80 -130 mg/dL postprandial: over 180 mg/dL
40
glucose is an important
energy source
41
most common cause of hyperglycemia
diabetes mellitus
42
causes of hypoglycemia
missing a meal insulin sulfonylureas
43
calcium normal range
8.5 - 10.5 mg/dL
44
functions of calcium
bone mineralization cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction blood coagulation nerve transmission
45
total serum calcium
measure of free and protein bound calcium
46
hypercalcemia causes
malignancy hyperparathyroidism thiazide diuretics lithium
47
hypocalcemia causes
hypoparathyroidism vitamin D deficiency hyperphosphatemia loop diuretics
48
pseudohypocalcemia
50% of serum calcium is bound to plasma protein such as albumin decreased albumin leads to decreased total calcium concentration --> calcium appears falsely low
49
phosphorus normal range
2.5 - 4.5 mg/dL
50
corrected calcium
reported serum calcium + 0.8 (4.0 - patients albumin)
51
functions of phosphorus
intracellular anion cellular energy source for ATP synthesis of phospholipids
52
phosphorus relationship with calcium
inverse (one increases, the other decreases)
53
hyperphosphatemia causes
renal dysfunction bone malignancy hypoparathyroidism increase vitamin D intake
54
hypophosphatemia causes
alcoholism malnutrition hyperparathyroidism respiratory alkalosis aluminum/calcium containing antacids
55
magnesium normal range
1.5 - 2.4 mg/dL
56
functions of magnesium
cofactor for ATP protein synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, contraction of muscle tissue
57
hypermagnesemia causes
renal failure Addison disease
58
hypomagnesemia causes
diarrhea vomiting malabsorption alcoholism
59
complete blood count components
hemoglobin hematocrit WBCs RBCs RBC mean corpuscular volume mean corpuscular hemoglobin mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
60
hemoglobin normal range
male: 13.5 - 16.5 g/dL female: 12-15 g/dL
61
hemoglobin functions
oxygen carrying compound direct indicator of oxygen carrying capacity in blood
62
increased hemoglobin causes
polycythemia COPD
63
decreased hemoglobin causes
anemia blood loss increased fluid intake
64
hematocrit normal range
male: 41-50% female: 36-44%
65
hematocrit functions
describes volume of blood that is occupied by RBCs 3x Hgb
66
hematocrit is an indirect measure of
RBC number and volume
67
how can hematocrit be determined?
centrifugation
68
increased Hct causes
polycythemia COPD
69
decreased Hct causes
anemia blood loss cirrhosis leukemia
70
RBC count normal range
male: 4.3-5.5 x 10^6 cells/mm^3 female: 4.0-4.9 x 10^6 cell/mm^3
71
RBC functions
transports oxygen from lungs to tissues produced in bone marrow, lives 120 days
72
erythrocytosis causes
polycythemia high altitudes strenuous exercise
73
decreased RBCs causes
anemia blood loss leukemia
74
Mean corpuscular volume normal range
80 - 100 um^3/cell
75
what does mean corpuscular volume measure?
the average volume of the erythrocyte
76
microcytic causes
iron deficiency anemia hemolytic anemia
77
macrocytic causes
folate deficiency B12 deficiency chronic liver disease
78
mean corpuscular hemoglobin normal range
26 - 34 pg/cell
79
mean corpuscular hemoglobin measures _______
the average weight of Hgb in RBC
80
hyper chromic causes
folate deficiency B12 deficiency
81
hypo chromic causes
iron deficiency anemia
82
mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration normal range
31 - 37 g/dL
83
what does MCHC measure?
Hgb concentration in RBC
84
increased MCHC is due to
hereditary spherocytosis
85
decreased MCHC is due to
iron deficiency anemia hemolytic anemia
86
reticulocytes normal range
0.1-2.4% of RBC
87
reticulocytes reflects
immature RBCs formed in the bone marrow
88
reticulocytosis causes
hemolytic anemia hemorrhage anemia treatment
89
decreased reticulocytes can be from
iron deficiency anemia renal disease bone marrow suppression
90
WBC normal range
4-11 x 10^9 cells/L
91
leukocytosis main cause
infection
92
leukopenia causes
viral infection bone marrow depression from chemo
93
neutrophils normal value
segmented: 54-62% bands: 0-5%
94
bands are
immature neutrophils
95
neutrophils are pathogens in _________________ like
some inflammatory disorders rheumatoid arthritis and IBD
96
most common type of WBC
neutrophils
97
neutrophilia common cause
infection
98
neutropenia causes
viral infection chemotherapy agents
99
absolute neutrophil count (ANC)
total number of circulating segments and bands
100
risk of infection _________________ as the ANC decreases
increases dramatically
101
level of ANC that is associated with substantial risk of infection
under 500/mm^3
102
lymphocytes normal range
24-44%
103
second most common WBC
lymphocytes
104
lymphocytosis causes
hepatitis herpes simplex/zoster viral infections
105
lymphopenia causes
acute infections HIV lupus lymphoma
106
monocytes normal range
3-7%
107
monocytes in tissues mature to
macrophages
108
monocytes migrate to
lymph nodes, spleen, liver, lung and bone marrow
109
monocytosis causes
TB syphilis malaria
110
monocytopenia causes
bone marrow suppression agents severe stress
111
eosinophil normal range
1-3%
112
eosinophils are predominantly in the
intestines and lungs
113
WBCs involved in allergic reactions
eosinophils and basophils
114
eosinophilia causes
allergic disorders, allergic drug reactions
115
eosinopenia causes
adrenal steroid production
116
basophils normal range
0-0.75%
117
basophils contain
heparin, histamine, leukotrienes
118
basophilia causes
hypersensitivity reactions to food/medications leukemias
119
platelets normal range
100,000 - 450,000/uL
120
risk of bleeding is low unless platelets fall below
50,000/uL

Pharmacotherapeutics (28 decks)

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