Anesthesia & Analgesia

Question 1

Question (Front)

Answer 1

Answer (Back)

Question 2

Grubb et al. (2020): What are the four phases of anesthesia?

Answer 2

1) Preanesthesia, 2) Induction, 3) Maintenance, 4) Recovery.

Question 3

Grubb et al. (2020): What components are required for a minimum patient database (MPD)?

Answer 3

History, physical exam, and diagnostic minimum database: PCV/TP, BG, BUN, and USG.

Question 4

Grubb et al. (2020): What is the recommended fasting time for adult dogs and cats prior to anesthesia?

Answer 4

6–8 hours. Pediatric patients and brachycephalics may need shorter or adjusted times.

Question 5

Grubb et al. (2020): What is the recommended monitoring frequency during anesthesia?

Answer 5

Every 5 minutes at minimum. Continuous monitoring is strongly encouraged.

Question 6

Grubb et al. (2020): What are the recommended core physiologic parameters to monitor under general anesthesia?

Answer 6

HR, RR, SpO₂, EtCO₂, BP, ECG, and temperature.

Question 7

Grubb et al. (2020): How is hypotension defined under anesthesia in dogs and cats?

Answer 7

MAP < 60 mmHg or systolic < 90 mmHg.

Question 8

Grubb et al. (2020): What is the most sensitive method of monitoring ventilation under anesthesia?

Answer 8

Capnography (EtCO₂).

Question 9

Grubb et al. (2020): What is the target EtCO₂ range in anesthetized dogs and cats?

Answer 9

35–45 mmHg.

Question 10

Grubb et al. (2020): What are the recommended temperature thresholds requiring active warming?

Answer 10

< 98°F (36.7°C) triggers warming measures. Hypothermia < 96.8°F (36°C) may delay recovery.

Question 11

Grubb et al. (2020): What recovery phase risks are emphasized in the guidelines?

Answer 11

Most anesthetic-related deaths occur in the recovery period—due to hypoventilation, hypothermia, or unmonitored dysphoria.

Question 12

Grubb et al. (2020): What are the two recommended components of a recovery plan?

Answer 12

Continued physiologic monitoring and a written pain management plan.

Question 13

Grubb et al. (2020): What are the minimum ASA status classifications recommended for recording?

Answer 13

ASA I–V based on physical health status (I = healthy, V = moribund).

Question 14

Grubb et al. (2020): What is the purpose of a pre-anesthetic checklist?

Answer 14

To verify readiness of equipment, drugs, and patient safety protocols before induction.

Question 15

Grubb et al. (2020): What are common risk factors for anesthetic complications?

Answer 15

Geriatric age, brachycephalic conformation, obesity, hypovolemia, systemic illness (ASA III–V), and procedural duration.

Question 16

Grubb et al. (2020): How should brachycephalic patients be managed perioperatively?

Answer 16

Preoxygenation, early intubation, late extubation, and close monitoring for airway obstruction post-extubation.

Question 17

Grubb et al. (2020): What does the ASA Physical Status Classification system assess?

Answer 17

It grades anesthetic risk based on preexisting health: I = healthy, V = moribund. An “E” can be added for emergency status.

Question 18

Grubb et al. (2020): What are the recommended interventions for anesthetic hypotension?

Answer 18

Reduce inhalant concentration, give fluid bolus, administer positive inotropes or vasopressors depending on etiology.

Question 19

Grubb et al. (2020): What are signs of anesthetic overdose?

Answer 19

Severe hypotension, bradycardia, hypoventilation, hypothermia, prolonged recovery, and loss of palpebral/corneal reflexes.

Question 20

Grubb et al. (2020): What systems should be evaluated during the recovery period?

Answer 20

Airway patency, thermoregulation, oxygenation/ventilation, cardiovascular stability, and comfort/pain control.

Question 21

Grubb et al. (2020): What is recommended to reduce emergence delirium in cats and dogs?

Answer 21

Use of premedication (e.g., alpha-2s), anxiolytics during recovery, and minimizing stimulation during extubation.

Question 22

Grubb et al. (2020): Why is multimodal analgesia emphasized in anesthesia protocols?

Answer 22

It allows for reduced doses of each drug, improves pain control, and minimizes side effects.

Question 23

Grubb et al. (2020): What is the recommended approach to anesthetic record-keeping?

Answer 23

Documentation of all drugs given, monitoring parameters every 5 minutes, and noting any interventions or complications.

Question 24

Grubb et al. (2020): What pain scoring tools are recommended for post-op monitoring?

Answer 24

Colorado State University (CSU) Canine and Feline Acute Pain Scales, Glasgow Composite Pain Scales.

Question 25

Grubb et al. (2020): What are the major categories to include in an anesthetic plan?

Answer 25

Preanesthetic assessment, protocol selection, intra-op monitoring, recovery strategy, and analgesic plan.

Question 26

Grubb et al. (2020): How do inhalant anesthetics cause hypotension?

Answer 26

By dose-dependent vasodilation and myocardial depression, leading to decreased systemic vascular resistance and reduced cardiac output.

Question 27

Grubb et al. (2020): How does hypothermia physiologically impact anesthetized patients?

Answer 27

It causes bradycardia, vasoconstriction, decreased drug metabolism, impaired coagulation, and delayed recovery.

Question 28

Grubb et al. (2020): What is the baroreceptor reflex and how is it affected under anesthesia?

Answer 28

The baroreceptor reflex maintains BP via HR modulation. It is often blunted by anesthetics, impairing compensatory tachycardia in hypotension.

Question 29

Grubb et al. (2020): Why does preoxygenation increase safety during anesthetic induction?

Answer 29

It increases the oxygen reservoir in the lungs (FRC), delaying desaturation during apnea or intubation.

Question 30

Grubb et al. (2020): What is the physiological role of positive pressure ventilation during anesthesia?

Answer 30

It ensures alveolar ventilation but may reduce venous return and cardiac output due to increased intrathoracic pressure.

Question 31

Grubb et al. (2020): How does alpha-2 agonist administration affect cardiovascular physiology?

Answer 31

Causes vasoconstriction (↑ SVR), reflex bradycardia, and decreased cardiac output despite increased BP.

Question 32

Grubb et al. (2020): What effect do opioids have on ventilation and how does this impact acid-base status?

Answer 32

Opioids depress respiratory centers, leading to hypoventilation and resultant hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis.

Question 33

Grubb et al. (2020): How do anticholinergics alter cardiovascular physiology during anesthesia?

Answer 33

Increase heart rate by blocking vagal tone but may cause arrhythmias and increased myocardial oxygen demand.