Reproduction Flashcards
(39 cards)
According to Pretzer (2008), what are the most common causes of dystocia in the bitch?
The most common causes include primary uterine inertia, fetal oversize, and malpresentation. Primary uterine inertia is the most frequent maternal cause.
What clinical signs indicate dystocia in the bitch or queen according to Pretzer (2008)?
Prolonged gestation (>70 days), strong contractions without delivery for >30 minutes, weak contractions for >2 hours, or >2 hours between puppies/kittens.
What is the initial medical management of dystocia according to Pretzer (2008)?
Stabilization (fluids, dextrose, calcium), followed by oxytocin (0.5–5 IU), repeated every 30–60 minutes, and manual assistance if appropriate.
What are contraindications for medical management of dystocia, per Pretzer (2008)?
Fetal distress, malpresentation, obstructive dystocia, or uterine rupture. These require surgical intervention.
According to Traas (2008), what is the surgical approach for cesarean section in dogs and cats?
A ventral midline laparotomy followed by exteriorization of the uterus and careful incision into each uterine horn or a single hysterotomy in the body of the uterus.
What are the major anesthetic concerns during cesarean section as per Traas (2008)?
Minimizing fetal depression (avoid barbiturates), maintaining maternal perfusion, using short-acting agents (e.g., propofol, isoflurane), and avoiding hypoxia and hypotension.
According to Traas (2008), how is neonatal resuscitation ideally coordinated during a cesarean section?
A separate team should be prepared to dry, stimulate, clear airways, and provide oxygen or ventilation as needed immediately after delivery.
What are key steps in neonatal resuscitation per Traas (2008)?
Clear airways (suction bulb), vigorous rubbing, oxygen supplementation, reverse opioids if used in dam (naloxone), and provide warmth.
What respiratory pattern is expected in a viable neonate per Traas (2008)?
Spontaneous, regular breathing within 1–2 minutes of birth. Gasps alone are not sufficient.
What heart rate and temperature are goals during neonatal resuscitation, per Traas (2008)?
HR > 180 bpm and rectal temperature of 96–97°F (35.5–36.1°C) within the first few hours of life.
According to Veronesi et al. (2009), what parameters are included in the neonatal Apgar score?
Heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and mucous membrane color. Each is scored 0–2 for a total of 0–10.
How does the Apgar score correlate with survival in newborn puppies, according to Veronesi (2009)?
Puppies scoring 7–10 have the highest survival; 4–6 require close monitoring; 0–3 are at high risk and need immediate intensive care.
What is the best time to apply the Apgar score after birth as per Veronesi (2009)?
Within the first 5 minutes after delivery, to guide initial resuscitation and predict short-term prognosis.
What pathophysiologic processes underlie primary uterine inertia per Pretzer (2008)?
Failure of effective myometrial contractions due to metabolic exhaustion, calcium or glucose deficits, or overstretching of the uterus.
How does oxytocin physiologically affect the uterus in dystocia cases?
Oxytocin stimulates uterine smooth muscle contraction via Gq-coupled oxytocin receptors, increasing intracellular calcium and myometrial contractility.
What role does calcium play in uterine contraction, and why is it supplemented in dystocia?
Calcium influx is essential for actin-myosin interaction and contraction. Hypocalcemia reduces uterine tone; supplementation restores contractility.
Why are hypoglycemia and hypothermia lethal in neonates?
Hypoglycemia impairs brain function and thermogenesis. Hypothermia causes bradycardia, respiratory depression, impaired surfactant production, and poor gut motility.
What physiologic differences make neonates vulnerable to hypoxia?
Neonates have immature lungs, reduced functional residual capacity, high oxygen demand, and minimal glycogen stores, increasing risk of rapid decompensation.
What are the defining features of neonatal circulation that influence resuscitation success?
Patent ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale, low pulmonary resistance at birth, and rapid shifts in pressure gradients post-birth that can be delayed by hypoxia.
According to Traas (2008), how is naloxone administered to reverse opioid-induced respiratory depression in neonates?
Sublingually or intralingually at 0.1 mg/kg, repeated as needed. IV or IM can also be used if accessible.
What is the difference between primary and secondary uterine inertia according to Pretzer (2008)?
Primary uterine inertia is failure to initiate effective contractions, often due to metabolic or hormonal deficits. Secondary uterine inertia occurs after prolonged ineffective contractions leading to exhaustion.
What are the physiologic triggers for the onset of parturition in dogs and cats?
A fetal cortisol surge stimulates placental prostaglandin production, leading to progesterone decline and increased uterine sensitivity to oxytocin and estrogen.
What is Ferguson’s reflex, and how does it aid in parturition?
Ferguson’s reflex is a neuroendocrine feedback loop: cervical/vaginal stretching stimulates oxytocin release from the posterior pituitary, increasing uterine contractions.
Why should oxytocin be used cautiously in obstructive dystocia, as emphasized by Pretzer (2008)?
Oxytocin increases uterine tone and frequency of contractions, which can worsen uterine rupture or fetal compromise if obstruction is present.
