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Biology-Diseases and The Immune System > Animal and Plant Pathogens > Flashcards

Animal and Plant Pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

Caused by another organism which infects another.

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2
Q

What are the infective organisms known as?

A

Pathogens

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3
Q

What are the type of pathogens?

A

-Bacteria
-Viruses
-Fungi
-Protoctista

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4
Q

These pathogens are often infectious. What does this mean?

A

Can be passed from organism to organism.

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5
Q

What is Gram Positive Bacteria?

A

Appears blue-purple under a microscope after gram staining.

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6
Q

What is an example of Gram Positive Bacteria?

A

MRSA

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7
Q

What is Gram Negative Bacteria?

A

Appears red under a microscope after gram staining.

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8
Q

What is an example of Gram Negative Bacteria?

A

E. Coli

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9
Q

The type of membrane affects what?

A

How bacteria responds to antibiotics.

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10
Q

What is a small proportion of the types of bacteria?

A

Are pathogens which cause communicable diseases.

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11
Q

Bacteria are Prokaryotes. What do they not have?

A

No membrane-bound nucleus or organelles

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12
Q

What are the possible shapes of bacteria?

A

-rod
-spherical
-comma
spiralled
-cork screw

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13
Q

Bacteria Mode of Action:
What do most bacteria produce?

A

Toxins that poison or damage the host cells which causes disease.

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14
Q

Bacteria Mode of Action:
How do some bacteria damage host cells?

A

-By breaking down the cell membranes
-Damage or inactivate enzymes
-Interfere with the host cell genetic material so cells cannot divide

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15
Q

Bacteria Mode of Action:
What are these toxins a by-product of?

A

The normal functioning of the bacteria.

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16
Q

Viruses Mode of Action:
What does viral genetic material do the the cell?

A

Viral genetic material gets into host cell and inserts into host DNA

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17
Q

Viruses Mode of Action:
What happens when the virus replicates? And where does it replicate?

A

In host cells, then burst out and destroys the cell and spread infection

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18
Q

Protists Mode of Action:
What do Protists do to cells?

A

Some take over cells and break them open as the new generation emerge

19
Q

Protists Mode of Action:
What do protists not do?

A

Take over genetic material of the cell

20
Q

Protists Mode of Action:
What do protists do after?

A

Digest and then use all the cell contents as they reproduce.

21
Q

Fungi Mode of Action:
What do fungi do?

A

Digest living cells and destroy them.

22
Q

Fungi Mode of Action:
How does fungus give the symptoms of disease?

A

Combination of the response of the body to the damaged caused by the fungus

23
Q

What is an example of a plant bacteria disease?

A

Ring Rot

24
Q

What effect does Ring Rot have on the plant?

A

-Infects a field so it cannot be used to grow potatoes for at least two years.
-Damages leaves, tubers and fruit

25
Q

What is an example of plant virus disease?

A

TMV

26
Q

What effect does TMV have on the plant?

A

-Damages leaves, flowers and fruit causing stunted growth reducing yields.
-Leads to almost total crop loss
-Resistant crops strains but no cure

27
Q

What is an example of plant protist disease?

A

Potato blight
(tomato and late blight)

28
Q

What effect does Potato Blight have on the plant?

A

-Hyphae penetrate host cells, destroys leaves, tubers and fruit
-No cure; chemical treatments can reduce infection risk

29
Q

What is an example of plant fungi disease?

A

Black Sigatoka
(banana disease)

30
Q

What effect does Black Sigatoka have on the plant?

A

-Attacks and destroys the leaves.
-Hyphae penetrate and digest the cells, turning leaves black
-Chemical treatments but no cure.

31
Q

What is an example of animal bacteria disease?

A

TB

32
Q

What effect does TB have on the animal?

A

-Damages and destroys lung tissues and suppresses the immune system
-Curable and preventable
-humans, cows, pigs, badgers and deer

33
Q

What is another example of animal bacteria disease?

A

Bacterial Meningitis

34
Q

What effect does Bacterial Meningitis have on the animal?

A

-Infection of the meninges of the brain but can spread into rest of body causing septicaemia and rapid death.
-Antibiotics will cure if early
-Vaccines can protect against some

35
Q

What is an example of animal viral disease?

A

HIV/AIDS

36
Q

What is the effect of HIV/AIDS on the animal?

A

-AIDS caused by HIV
-Targets T helper cells in immune system and gradually destroys the immune system
-Passed via bodily fluids

37
Q

What is another example of animal viral disease?

A

Influenza (flu)

38
Q

What effect does Influenza have on the animal?

A

-Ciliated epithelial cells in gas exchange system are killed leaving airways open to secondary infection
-Can be fatal
-No cure but vaccine available.

39
Q

What is an example of animal protist disease?

A

Malaria

40
Q

What effect does malaria have on the animal?

A

-Spread by the bits of infected mosquitoes
-Complete life cycle;2 hosts
-Controlling the vector is key as well as use of mosquito nets to prevent spread.

41
Q

What are 2 examples of animal fungal disease?

A

Ringworm and Athletes foot

42
Q

What effect does ringworm have on the animal?

A

-Causes white, crusty, infectious areas of skin.
-Different fungi infects different species
-Antifungal creams are an effective cure
-cattle, dogs, cats and humans

43
Q

What effect does Athletes Foot have on the animal?

A

-Form of human ringworm
-Grows and digests the skin between toes
-Causes cracking and scaling
-Anti-fungal creams

Biology-Diseases and The Immune System (8 decks)

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