Animal and Plant Pathogens

Question 1

What is a communicable disease?

Answer 1

Caused by another organism which infects another.

Question 2

What are the infective organisms known as?

Answer 2

Pathogens

Question 3

What are the type of pathogens?

Answer 3

-Bacteria
-Viruses
-Fungi
-Protoctista

Question 4

These pathogens are often infectious. What does this mean?

Answer 4

Can be passed from organism to organism.

Question 5

What is Gram Positive Bacteria?

Answer 5

Appears blue-purple under a microscope after gram staining.

Question 6

What is an example of Gram Positive Bacteria?

Answer 6

MRSA

Question 7

What is Gram Negative Bacteria?

Answer 7

Appears red under a microscope after gram staining.

Question 8

What is an example of Gram Negative Bacteria?

Answer 8

E. Coli

Question 9

The type of membrane affects what?

Answer 9

How bacteria responds to antibiotics.

Question 10

What is a small proportion of the types of bacteria?

Answer 10

Are pathogens which cause communicable diseases.

Question 11

Bacteria are Prokaryotes. What do they not have?

Answer 11

No membrane-bound nucleus or organelles

Question 12

What are the possible shapes of bacteria?

Answer 12

-rod
-spherical
-comma
spiralled
-cork screw

Question 13

Bacteria Mode of Action:
What do most bacteria produce?

Answer 13

Toxins that poison or damage the host cells which causes disease.

Question 14

Bacteria Mode of Action:
How do some bacteria damage host cells?

Answer 14

-By breaking down the cell membranes
-Damage or inactivate enzymes
-Interfere with the host cell genetic material so cells cannot divide

Question 15

Bacteria Mode of Action:
What are these toxins a by-product of?

Answer 15

The normal functioning of the bacteria.

Question 16

Viruses Mode of Action:
What does viral genetic material do the the cell?

Answer 16

Viral genetic material gets into host cell and inserts into host DNA

Question 17

Viruses Mode of Action:
What happens when the virus replicates? And where does it replicate?

Answer 17

In host cells, then burst out and destroys the cell and spread infection

Question 18

Protists Mode of Action:
What do Protists do to cells?

Answer 18

Some take over cells and break them open as the new generation emerge

Question 19

Protists Mode of Action:
What do protists not do?

Answer 19

Take over genetic material of the cell

Question 20

Protists Mode of Action:
What do protists do after?

Answer 20

Digest and then use all the cell contents as they reproduce.

Question 21

Fungi Mode of Action:
What do fungi do?

Answer 21

Digest living cells and destroy them.

Question 22

Fungi Mode of Action:
How does fungus give the symptoms of disease?

Answer 22

Combination of the response of the body to the damaged caused by the fungus

Question 23

What is an example of a plant bacteria disease?

Answer 23

Ring Rot

Question 24

What effect does Ring Rot have on the plant?

Answer 24

-Infects a field so it cannot be used to grow potatoes for at least two years.
-Damages leaves, tubers and fruit

Question 25

What is an example of plant virus disease?

Answer 25

TMV

Question 26

What effect does TMV have on the plant?

Answer 26

-Damages leaves, flowers and fruit causing stunted growth reducing yields. -Leads to almost total crop loss -Resistant crops strains but no cure

Question 27

What is an example of plant protist disease?

Answer 27

Potato blight (tomato and late blight)

Question 28

What effect does Potato Blight have on the plant?

Answer 28

-Hyphae penetrate host cells, destroys leaves, tubers and fruit -No cure; chemical treatments can reduce infection risk

Question 29

What is an example of plant fungi disease?

Answer 29

Black Sigatoka (banana disease)

Question 30

What effect does Black Sigatoka have on the plant?

Answer 30

-Attacks and destroys the leaves. -Hyphae penetrate and digest the cells, turning leaves black -Chemical treatments but no cure.

Question 31

What is an example of animal bacteria disease?

Answer 31

TB

Question 32

What effect does TB have on the animal?

Answer 32

-Damages and destroys lung tissues and suppresses the immune system -Curable and preventable -humans, cows, pigs, badgers and deer

Question 33

What is another example of animal bacteria disease?

Answer 33

Bacterial Meningitis

Question 34

What effect does Bacterial Meningitis have on the animal?

Answer 34

-Infection of the meninges of the brain but can spread into rest of body causing septicaemia and rapid death. -Antibiotics will cure if early -Vaccines can protect against some

Question 35

What is an example of animal viral disease?

Answer 35

HIV/AIDS

Question 36

What is the effect of HIV/AIDS on the animal?

Answer 36

-AIDS caused by HIV -Targets T helper cells in immune system and gradually destroys the immune system -Passed via bodily fluids

Question 37

What is another example of animal viral disease?

Answer 37

Influenza (flu)

Question 38

What effect does Influenza have on the animal?

Answer 38

-Ciliated epithelial cells in gas exchange system are killed leaving airways open to secondary infection -Can be fatal -No cure but vaccine available.

Question 39

What is an example of animal protist disease?

Answer 39

Malaria

Question 40

What effect does malaria have on the animal?

Answer 40

-Spread by the bits of infected mosquitoes -Complete life cycle;2 hosts -Controlling the vector is key as well as use of mosquito nets to prevent spread.

Question 41

What are 2 examples of animal fungal disease?

Answer 41

Ringworm and Athletes foot

Question 42

What effect does ringworm have on the animal?

Answer 42

-Causes white, crusty, infectious areas of skin. -Different fungi infects different species -Antifungal creams are an effective cure -cattle, dogs, cats and humans

Question 43

What effect does Athletes Foot have on the animal?

Answer 43

-Form of human ringworm -Grows and digests the skin between toes -Causes cracking and scaling -Anti-fungal creams