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Biology-Diseases and The Immune System > Non-Specific Defences Against Diseases > Flashcards

Non-Specific Defences Against Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Immune System?

A

A group of cells,tissues,organs and mechanisms that defend an organism against pathogens and other foreign substances.

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2
Q

What is an Immune Response?

A

Complex series of specific an non-specific processes involving a range off the cells and chemicals.

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3
Q

What will happen if the body successfully fights an infection?

A

It will respond more quickly and effectively if the same pathogen is re-encountered.

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4
Q

What are the physical barriers?

A

-Skin
-Skin Flora
-Mucous Membranes
-Lysozyme

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5
Q

How does the skin act as a physical barrier?

A

Acts as a barrier all around the body to prevent the entry of bacteria.

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6
Q

What does the skin produce?

A

Sebum, an oily substance that inhibits pathogen growth.

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7
Q

How does Skin Flora act as a Physical Barrier?

A

The skin has a naturally has a large population of natural health bacteria. These outcompete pathogens for surface space.

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8
Q

How does Mucous Membranes act as a Physical Barrier?

A

Gas exchange surfaces have a layer of mucus that trap pathogens.

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9
Q

What does this mucus contain?

A

The enzymes which destroy bacteria.

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10
Q

How do lysozyme’s work as a Physical Barrier?

A

In tears, urine and in stomach acid also destroys pathogens.

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11
Q

What happens if the skin is ruptured?

A

Pathogens may enter the blood.

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12
Q

How many stages in blood clotting?

A

3

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13
Q

What is the first stage in blood clotting?

A

Platelets rush to the site and they release 2 substances.

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14
Q

What 2 substances do they release?

A

Thromboplastin and Serotonin

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15
Q

What does serotonin cause?

A

Muscles to contract around reducing the gap

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16
Q

What is the second stage in blood clotting?

A

The clot dries out forming a hard scab keeping pathogen from entering.

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17
Q

What is the third stage in blood clotting?

A

Epidemical (skin) cells grow beneath the scab, collage fibres reinforce the skin cells.

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18
Q

What is inflammation?

A

The swelling of skin immediately around the rupture.

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19
Q

What is inflammation characterised by?

A

Pain, heat and redness

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20
Q

When are mast cells activated?

A

When skin is ruptured they release histamines and cytokines.

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21
Q

What are histamines?

A

Make blood vessels dilate, causing localised heat and redness.

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22
Q

What does high temperature prevent?

A

Pathogens from reproducing.

23
Q

What do histamines also do?

A

Increase the permeability of the cell membrane, causing more tissue fluid to escape causing swelling and the pain.

24
Q

What do cytokines attract?

A

White Blood Cells to deal with any pathogens.

25
Q

What is the normal core body temperature?

A

37 degrees

26
Q

What is body temperature controlled by?

A

Hypothalamus in the brain

27
Q

What causes the hypothalamus to reset?

A

During infection, the large presence of white blood cells cause this which increases temperature.

28
Q

Why does this happen?

A

As pathogens cannot reproduce as quickly at temperatures above 37 degrees and the specific immune system can work faster.

29
Q

What does the non-specific immune response target?

A

Quickly targets a wide range of pathogens and foreign substances.

30
Q

What is another name for non-specific immune response?

A

Innate immune response

31
Q

Give some examples which are parts of this immune response?

A

Phagocytosis, inflammation and the anti microbial proteins, lysozyme and interferons.

32
Q

What is Lysozyme?

A

An enzyme that disrupts the cells of gram-positive bacteria by digesting the Peptidoglycan.

33
Q

Where is lysozyme found?

A

In human tears, saliva and lysosomes

34
Q

What are interferons?

A

Proteins produced by virus-infected body cels in response to the virus.

35
Q

What do Interferons trigger?

A

The production of a second protein that inhibits viral replication by binding to mRNA code by the virus.

36
Q

What is the first stage of Phagocytosis?

A

Pathogens produce chemicals and other toxins that attract phagocytes. (WBC)

37
Q

What is the second stage of Phagocytosis?

A

Phagocytes recognise the foreign antigens on pathogens as not being of the organism.

38
Q

What is the third stage of Phagocytosis?

A

The phagocyte engulfs the pathogen putting it into a specialised vacuole called a phagosome.

39
Q

What is the fourth stage of Phagocytosis?

A

The phagosomes combined with a lysosomes which contain powerful digestive enzymes, to form a phagolysosome.

40
Q

What is the fifth stage of Phagocytosis?

A

Enzymes in the phagolysosomes break down the pathogens.

41
Q

What is the sixth stage of Phagocytosis?

A

The broken down pathogen is moved out the the phagocyte by exocytosis.

42
Q

What are Macrophages?

A

Specialised phagosomes

43
Q

What is different about macrophages to phagosomes?

A

Macrophages take longer to break pathogens down than normal phagocytosis.

44
Q

What happens once macrophages are broken down?

A

The foreign antigens of the pathogen bind with the antigens of the macrophage to form MHC.

45
Q

What is then displayed?

A

The antigens on the macrophages plasma membrane to form a APC.

46
Q

What does APC stand for?

A

Antigen-presenting cell

47
Q

What does MHC stand for?

A

Major histocompatibility complex

48
Q

What are the 2 helpful chemicals?

A

-Cytokines
-Opsonins

49
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Phagocytes that have engulfed a pathogen produce chemicals called cytokines.

50
Q

What do cytokines act as? And how do they perform this role?

A

Cell signalling molecules, informing other phagocytes that the body is under attack which stimulates them to move to the site of infection or inflammation.

51
Q

What do cytokines also do?

A

Increase body temperature and stimulate the specific immune system.

52
Q

What are opsinins?

A

Chemicals which bind to pathogens and ‘tag’ them so they can be more easily recognised by phagocytes.

53
Q

What do phagocytes have which allow opsonins to carry this out?

A

Receptors on cell membranes which bind to common opsonins and the phagocyte then engulfs the pathogen.

54
Q

Which type of opsonins have the strongest effect?

A

Number of different types by antibodies have the strongest effect.

Biology-Diseases and The Immune System (8 decks)

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