Animal Architecture ch 9

Question 1

name the five grades of organization in organismal complexity.

Answer 1

Protoplasmic, cellular, cell-tissue, tissue-organ, organ-system

Question 2

Protoplasmic

Answer 2

-the living part of the cell, which comprises of different cellular organelles

-unicellular eukaryotes; all functions within the cell

Question 3

Cellular

Answer 3

aggregation of cells with some division of labor(different jobs)

Question 4

cell-tissue

Answer 4

cells grouped to perform single function
-aggregation of cells that form tissue

Question 5

tissue- organ

Answer 5

multiple tissue types together form functional unit
- aggregations of tissues that form organs

Question 6

organ-system

Answer 6

Most animals have organ systems that work together
- aggregations of organs that form systems

Question 7

any plane divides the body into equal halves (round or ball-shaped)

Answer 7

Spherical Symmetry

Question 8

divide into equal halves by more than 2 planes through the longitudinal
axis (‘pie slice’)

Answer 8

Radial Symmetry

Question 9

divide along longitudinal axis into 2 equal halves

Answer 9

Bilateral Symmetry

Question 10

when the organism can be divided up into equal parts, but only in two planes

Answer 10

biradial symmetry

Question 11

In Protostomes the Coelom forms by ____________

Answer 11

schizocoely

Question 12

In deuterostomes the coelom forms by ___________

Answer 12

enterocoely

Question 13

Acoelomate – mass of spongy cells (__________) fills body

Answer 13

parenchyma

Question 14

Vertebrate Tissue Types

Answer 14

4 Types:
* Epithelial
* Connective
* Muscle
* Nervous

Question 15

Coelomate (Eucoelomate) – mesoderm lines the body cavity (__________) and mesodermal mesenteries suspend organs

Answer 15

peritoneum

Question 16

Epithelial Tissue

Answer 16

Sheet of cells that covers external or internal surface

Question 17

Simple squamous epithelium

Answer 17

is composed of flattened cells that form a continuous lining of blood capillaries, lungs, and other surfaces where it permits diffusion of gases and transport of other molecules into and out of cavities

Question 18

cuboidal epithelium

Answer 18

boxlike cells; lines
ducts and tubules (e.g., kidney & glands)

Question 19

Simple columnar epithelium

Answer 19

tall cells; highly
absorptive; e.g., gut

Question 20

Stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 20

2+ layers;
withstand mechanical abrasion (e.g., skin, esophagus, anus, vagina)

Question 21

Connective Tissues

Answer 21

 Serve binding and supporting functions
 generally few cells; mostly fibers in ground substance

Question 22

What are four types of connective tissue and something about them?

Answer 22

Loose Connective Tissue:
-Anchors blood vessels, nerves, and organs
Dense Connective Tissue:
-Tendons, ligaments, fasciae Lots of collagen
Cartilage:
Semirigid matrix with chondrocytes, Not vascularized
Bone:
Calcified matrix, collagen fibers, and osteocytes, Vascularized

Question 23

What is the most abundant tissue in the body?

Answer 23

muscle tissue

Question 24

skeletal muscle

Answer 24

long, multinucleate fibers; voluntary contraction (conscious control), used for movement

Question 25

cardiac muscle

Answer 25

branching uninucleate fibers; involuntary control, heart

Question 26

Smooth (visceral) muscle

Answer 26

long, uninucleate, tapering cells; involuntary, surrounds blood vessels and organs (e.g., intestine); most common type in invertebrates

Question 27

Nervous Tissue

Answer 27

Receive stimuli and conduct impulses Consists of neurons and neuroglia

Question 28

9.9 Describe the advantages of larger body size in animals.

Answer 28

* Energy cost of moving a gram of body weight is less for larger animals * Larger animals need more energy and oxygen but maintaining body temperature is less per gram * Protection against environmental fluctuations * Overall larger animals are more efficient

Question 29

9.10 Why does complexity increase with increased body size?

Answer 29

*Body size increases with increasing complexity *Problems of large body size. – As body increases in size, there is less surface area compared to volume. – Large animals have inadequate surface area to provide respiration and nutrient flow to cells deep in the body (Surface area: volume relationship). – Flattening or invaginating surfaces can help – Most develop complex internal transport systems – Helpful video in D2L Complexity and Body Size

Question 30

9.4 What is meant by segmentation? Name 3 phyla that show segmentation.

Answer 30

segmentation permits greater body mobility and complexity of structure and function. Its potential is amply displayed in phy- lum Arthropoda, the largest assemblage of animals on earth. Seg- mentation occurs in phylum Chordata in addition to Annelida and Arthropoda (see Figure 9.6), although superficial segmentation of ectoderm and body wall may appear among diverse groups of animals.