Biological Principles ch 1

Question 1

General Properties of Living Systems

Answer 1

Chemical uniqueness
Complexity and hierarchical organization
Reproduction
Possession of a genetic program
Metabolism
Development
Environmental interaction
Movement

Question 2

Chemical uniqueness

Answer 2

Atoms & inorganic molecules organize into macromolecules

Question 3

Complexity and hierarchical organization

Answer 3

-Macromolecules, cells, tissues, organisms, populations, species
-Emergent properties

Question 4

Emergent properties

Answer 4

properties that become apparent and result from various interacting components within a system but are properties that do not belong to the individual components themselves

Question 5

Possession of genetic program

Answer 5

DNA is common to all living things; single origin of life

Question 6

Metabolism

Answer 6

acquire & utilize energy for life

Question 7

Development

Answer 7

-have a life cycle
-describes the characteristic changes that an organism undergoes from its origin

Question 8

Environmental interaction (ecology)

Answer 8

Respond to stimuli

Question 9

The study of organismal interaction with an environment is called

Answer 9

ecology

Question 10

First Law of Thermodynamics (Law of Conservation of Energy)

Answer 10

Energy is neither created nor destroyed but can be transformed from one form to another.
Sun—> photosynthesis forms macromolecules —>metabolism —>energy for life

Question 11

Second Law of Thermodynamics:

Answer 11

Physical systems tend toward a state of greater disorder or entropy.
* Organismal complexity is achieved and maintained by the perpetual use of energy from the sun and dissipation of that energy as heat
-states that the state of entropy of the entire universe, as an isolated system, will always increase over time

Question 12

What are organisms whose cells contain membrane enclosed nuclei

Answer 12

Eukaryotes

Question 13

what are organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles

Answer 13

Procaryotes

Question 14

Heterotrophs

Answer 14

must rely on external food sources.
* Animal cells lack cell walls
-an organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients

Question 15

autotroph

Answer 15

an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals.

Question 16

What are some things an animal cell and plant cell have that are different to eachother?

Answer 16

Animal cell: Small vacuoles, lysosome
Plant cell: cell wall, chloroplast, large vacuole

Question 17

What are principles of science?

Answer 17

-Science is based on rational explanations and natural laws
-Has to be explained by reference to natural law (not supernatural; not a belief)
-Conclusions are tentative; not ever proven
-Science is falsifiable (additional data can lead one to new or different conclusions)
-Not ‘wrong’; data support another conclusion
-Theory = Hypothesis that has consistently been supported by data; not falsified (yet).

Question 18

The process of science is:

Answer 18

1. It is guided by natural law.
2. It has to be explanatory by reference to natural law.
3. It is testable against the observable world.
4. Its conclusions are tentative and therefore not necessarily the
   final word.
5. It is falsifiable.
   Scientific method:
6. Observation
7. Question
8. Hypothesis
9. Empirical test
10. Conclusions
11. Publication

Question 19

Hypothetico-deductive Method

Answer 19

• Generate hypotheses based on observations
• Hypotheses make predictions that may not be supported by data and are thus falsifiable
• This method requires us to generate hypotheses or potential answers to a question being asked
  1. Identify the hypothesis to be tested.
  2. Generate predications from the hypothesis.
  3. Use experiments to check whether predictions are correct.
  4. If the predictions are correct, then the hypothesis is confirmed. If not, then the hypothesis is disconfirmed.

Question 20

what is an overarching assumption undergirding a general worldview? Like a pattern observed/ viewed

Answer 20

Paradigm

Question 21

\The history of science shows that even major paradigms are subject to refutation and replacement when they fail to explain our observations of the natural world. They are then replaced by new paradigms in a process called a________.

Answer 21

Scientific Revolution

Question 22

what is the basic theory of evolution on
which the others depend. It states that the living world is neither constant nor perpetually cycling, but is always changing, with continuity between past and present forms of life?

Answer 22

Perpetual change

Question 23

states that all forms of life descend from a common
ancestor through a branching of lineages

Answer 23

Common descent

Question 24

life’s history has the structure
of a branching evolutionary tree, called a ________.

Answer 24

Phylogeny

Question 25

_________ ___ _________Darwin’s third theory states that the evolutionary process produces new species by splitting and transforming older ones. Species are now generally viewed as reproductively distinct populations of organisms that usually but not always differ from each other in organismal form

Answer 25

Multiplication of species

Question 26

__________ states that the large differences in anatomical traits that characterize disparate species originate through the accumulation of -many small incremental changes over very long periods of time

Answer 26

Gradualism

Question 27

_________ __________rests on three propositions. First, there is variation among organisms (within populations) for anatomical, behavioral, and physiological traits. Second, the variation is at least partly heritable so that offspring tend to resemble their parents. Third, organisms with different variant forms are expected to leave different numbers of offspring to future generations. -the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

Answer 27

Natural selection

Question 28

____________ is the expected result of a process that accumulates the most favorable variants occurring in a population throughout long periods of evolutionary time

Answer 28

Adaptation

Question 29

What is the term for sharing a common evolutionary origin?

Answer 29

homologous

Question 30

Comparative research

Answer 30

Tests ultimate causes (evolution) Based on comparative methods Descriptive in nature Not experimental, but may rely on experimental results from other studies

Question 31

Experimental Research

Answer 31

Seek to explain proximate causes Tests a hypothesis Involves manipulation of a variable or application of a treatment Requires a control Describes causation

Question 32

What is darwinism

Answer 32

A theory of biological evolution developed by Charles Darwin and others, stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.

Question 33

what is Neo-darwinsim

Answer 33

a theory of evolution that is a synthesis of Darwin's theory in terms of natural selection and modern population genetics. -a modern version of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, incorporating the findings of genetics.

Question 34

What is the difference of darwinism and neo darwinism?

Answer 34

Neo Darwinism is a modified theory of Darwinism explaining the origin of species on a genetic basis, hence the main driving force of Neo Darwinism is genetic variation. Consequently, the main difference lies in the variation type and type of natural selection.