Animal behaviour Flashcards

Question

Urination/defaction in revealing autonomic stimulation

Answer 1

chemical marking of territories

Answer 2

raising hairs/feathers

Answer 3

'friendliness' / arousal

Answer 4

signal of agression in primates. Humans don’t fight with teeth, so yawning now has a physiological role

Answer 5

Intention movements, self - protective movements, 'displacement behaviour'

Answer 6

e.g., flight or fight intention movements

Answer 7

scalp retraction in primates

Answer 8

interrupting one behaviour with another apparently irrelevant one e.g., displacement preening in wildfowl mating displays

Answer 9

1.Conspicuousness – increases detectability 2.Redundancy e.g., repition, multi-modal signals, multi-element signals 3.Stereotypy = very little variation 4.Alerting components e.g., conspicuous movements/sounds

Answer 10

1.Increasing costs -> costs can ensure honesty 2.Increasing efficacy (effective transfer or information) 3.Increases ability of signallers to manipulate recievers and prevent recievers resisting their messages

Answer 11

to maximise transmission and minimise eavesdropping e.g., conspicuousness to predators. Guppies exposed to different predators have different colour patterns. Predators drive selection for use of ‘private wavelengths’

Answer 12

Alert, Flee, Assemble, Attack

Answer 13

Startle displays Aposematism = conspicuous warning of unprofitability Pursuit deterrence e.g., mobbing

Answer 14

Leopard – head for the trees Snake – stand and search Raptor – look at the sky

Answer 15

natural selection for traits that increase reproductive success

Answer 16

Variation between indivduals. This variation affects survival. Variation is inherited

Answer 17

Variation between individuals. This variation affects reproductive success. Variation is inherited

Answer 18

unequal gametes

Answer 19

Females produce a small number of eggs, males produce large number of sperm. Females invest more in growing/caring for offspring

Answer 20

Reportedly fathered more than 800 children (0r 888 or 1042) form a harem of 500 women.

Answer 21

Ardent males compete for access to females e.g., Fighting, Ritualised contests, Guard your females, Sperm competition

Answer 22

e.g., red deer: roaring contest, parallel walking and boxing, antler – grappling. Serious fights are rare, but dangerous – permanent injury in 6% of stags

Answer 23

damselflies, elephant seals – prevents other males gettting access to fertile females

Answer 24

rape in mallard ducks … sometimes to the point of drowning. Hemipetran bug (xylocoris maculipennis) - males inject sperm directly into the female through her body wall

Answer 25

competition for inseminations between the sperm of rival males

Answer 26

1.Males inject sperm through the female’s body wall 2.Males inject sperm into rival males 3.‘Imposter’ sperm migrate to the rival male’s testes 4.Rival male inseminates female with imposter sperm

Answer 27

Selection favours females who choose the best possible males to mate with. How can females identify the best male – female choice. How can males improve their chance of being chosen – female attraction

Answer 28

good resources and parenting ability, good genes (high quality sexy parents have high quality sexy offspring)

Answer 29

Defeat the opposition. Defend a high quality territory. Provide ‘nuptial gifts’ = courtship feeding: proves ability tyo find food, provides energy to female, increases male’s cost of mating

Answer 30

1. Have a trait that females find attractive to pass on to your sons (‘sexy sons’) = runaway sexual selection 2. Have a stategic ‘handicap’ (a trait that only high quality males can afford to possess) e.g., the peacocks tails

Answer 31

conflicts of interest between males and females

Answer 32

1. infanticicde e.g., Male lions slaughter the cubs when they take over a new pride. Females come back to oestrus. New male fathers new cubs 2. sexual cannibalism – female mantids sometimes eat the male during mating

Answer 33

Knetish plovers and female incubating eggs. Males and females both incubate the eggs at first. Either sex can desert in order to start a new nest with a new mate. The deserted mate is left to raise the family

Answer 34

When males invest more in parental care than females e.g., moorhens, phalaropes, jacanas. Females lay eggs and start a new nest. Males incubate the clutch. Ardent females and choosy males

Answer 35

1.Monogamy e.g., european robin 2.Polygamy/polygyny e.g., marsh harrier 3.Polyandry e.g., phalarope 4.Polygynandry e.g., kentish plover 5.Promiscuity e.g., aquatic warbler

Answer 36

Mutualistic

Answer 37

Altruistic

Answer 38

Offspring have copies of parents’ genes, so helping offspring (e.g., by feeding them) is an effective way of maximising genetic contribution to future generations. Each parent contributes 50% of its genes to each offspring

Answer 39

= Genetic similarity of 2 individuals relative to the population as a whole = probability that 2 individuals share a gene that is identical by descent (inherited from the same ancestor) = probability of sharing a rare allele

Answer 40

1.Helping to rear their full siblings 2.Rearing their own offspring e.g., long-tailed tits failed breeders

Answer 41

1. Maximising the reproductive success of the individual it is in = direct fitness 2.Maximising the reproductive success other individuals who [are likely to] share copies of that gene = indirect fitness

Answer 42

direct fitness + indirect fitness

Answer 43

inclusive fitness and kin selection

Answer 44

the process by which traits are favored due to their effects on the fitness of relatives

Answer 45

Identifies the conditions under which altruism will spread due to kin selection

Answer 46

If: r*B-C > 0 R = coefficient of relatedness between actor and recipient B = benefit to recipient C = cost to actor So, if r and or B are large, or C is very small -> Altruism

Answer 47

Bee stings are fatal to the worker = suicide Workers rarely reproduce themselves but instead help their mother (the queen) to produce offspring = sterility Males develop from unfertilised eggs and so are haploid: all of their genes come from their mother Females develop from fertilised eggs, so are diploid: half of their genes come from their mother and half from the father

Answer 48

Reproductive division of labour: one reproductive female “Queen”, 1-3 reproductive males, reproductive suppression of “workers” Lots of close relations (20-300 individuals) High coefficients of relatedness Cooperative foraging (sharing highly patchy food = tubers)

Answer 49

Male turkeys form coalitions to court and defend females One dominant male (gets all the matings) One subordinate male (gets no matings)

Answer 50

Measure relatedness using microsatellite markers r = ~0.5, I.e., brother-brother or father-son coalitions Estimate benefits of cooperation by comparing reproductive success of single or dominant males Estimate cots by comparing reproductive success of single or subordinate males

Answer 51

1.Kin selection indirect benefits to the cooperator, via benefits to close relations 2.By-product benefits 3.Reciprocity 4.Enforcement 5.Deception - (2-5 are) - direct benefits to the cooperator, at least in the long term (mutually benenficial)

Answer 52

1. Benefit effect on others 2. Can have long-term benefits e.g., mutualism (mutual grooming. Reciprocal feeding of blood meals in vampire bats0

Answer 53

Animals may cooperate 'by mistake' and manipulation of recievers by signallers

Answer 54

.g., large blue butterfly caterpillars deceiving ants Cuckoos deceiving reed warblers Playback experiment by Davies et al. (1998) - Cuckoo chick begging displays mimic a whole brood of red warbler chicks

Answer 55

incurring costs to your own reproduction by harming others

Answer 56

r*B – C > 0 . This can occur if r is negative

Answer 57

High costs to the actor (soldiers are sterile and do not become adults). Soldiers harm only relatively unrelated individuals Strong competition for limited resources (one caterpillar) Lays I male egg and 1 female egg into caterpillar Eggs divide asexually, producing thousands of larvae Larvae either develop normally (bottom), or develop as sterile ‘soldiers’ (top), which kill larvae of the opposite sex The survive larvae continue to develop inside the caterpillar and eventually hatch out as reproductive adults

Answer 58

by indirect benefits

Answer 59

Defection pays, if your opponent cooperates Cooperation pays, if your opponent also cooperates

Answer 60

1.Relative payoffs of each strategy 2.Behavior of opponent 3.Reputation 4.Whether you expect to have future interactions with opponent

Answer 61

= keep cooperating until your opponent defects. Retaliate to defections by defecting next time Requires: Possibility of meeting again, ability to remember previous interactions

Animal behaviour Flashcards

(103 cards)