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Organisms And Their Environment > Animal behaviour > Flashcards

Animal behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

What are Tinbergen’s 4 ‘why’ questions

A

Causation (mechanisms), ontogeny (development), function (adaptive advantage) and phylogeny (evolutionary history)

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2
Q

Example of causation (mechanisms)

A

daylight/hormones/rival song/ neural control of breathing, syrinx

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3
Q

0Examples of ontogeny (development)

A

song learning, developemnt of syrinx

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4
Q

Examples of function (adaptive advantage)

A

attarcting a mate, defence of territory, other functions…

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5
Q

Examples of phylogeny (evolutionary history)

A

how and why has (dawn) song evolved? Shard descent, shared ecology

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6
Q

Name the approaches to studying behaviour

A

Ethology, Neuroethology, Behavioural ecology, Sociobiology, Behavioural genetics, Psychology, Anthropology

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7
Q

What is ethology

A

form and function

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8
Q

What is neuroethology

A

neural control of behaviour

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9
Q

What is behavioural ecology

A

behavioural adaptations and selection pressure

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10
Q

What is behavioural genetics

A

control of behaviour by multiple genes and modifiers of gene expression

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11
Q

What is pyschology

A

perception, mental representation, learning etc… - evolutionary pyschology

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12
Q

What is anthropology

A

humans and human origins (evolutionary anthropolgy – archaeology, cultural anthropology – sociology)

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13
Q

What is anthropomorphism

A

naïve extrapolation from humans to animals

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14
Q

What are the pitfalls of studying behaviour

A

Anthropomorphism, Fear? Submission? Happiness? Neither?. Extrapolation from animals to humans - naïve sociobiology – sexism, racism, militant atheism

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15
Q

What to communicate

A

Agression, Sex, Identity (individual/ group/ species/ etc), Status, Need, Social information, ‘Auto-communication’

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16
Q

Define communication

A

Passing of information from a sender to a receiver

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17
Q

Define signals

A

A feature of an animal that has evolved specifically to later the behavior of receivers

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18
Q

Define cuses

A

any feature that can be used by an animal as a guide to future action (e.g., eaves dropping and communication networks)

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19
Q

Define animal senses

A

methods by which animals perceive their environment

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20
Q

List the animal senses

A

: vision, hearing, touch, taste, smell, electrical, magnetic, balance, acceleration, temperature, pressure, pain

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21
Q

Methods of communication

A

Visual signals, Acoustic signals, Vibrational signals, Chemical signals (via taste and smell), Tactile signals, Electrical signals, Senses and signals are highly adapted to ecological conditions

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22
Q

How do signals evolve

A

by ritualisation of exsisting cues

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23
Q

List cues that reveal autonomic stimulation

A

Respiration, Urination/defaction, Thermoregulation, Pupil dilation, Yawning

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24
Q

Respiration in revealing autonomic stimulation

A

e.g., calls, growls, gill-cover flapping

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25
Q

Urination/defaction in revealing autonomic stimulation

A

chemical marking of territories

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26
Q

thermoregulation in revealing autonomic stimulation

A

raising hairs/feathers

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27
Q

Pupil dilation in revealing autonomic stimulation

A

‘friendliness’ / arousal

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28
Q

Yawning in revealing autonomic stimulation

A

signal of agression in primates. Humans don’t fight with teeth, so yawning now has a physiological role

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29
Q

List the ritualisation of cues revealing changes in behaviour

A

Intention movements, self - protective movements, ‘displacement behaviour’

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30
Q

Examples of intention movements

A

e.g., flight or fight intention movements

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31
Q

Examples of self-protective movements

A

scalp retraction in primates

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32
Q

Examples of ‘displacement’ behaviour

A

interrupting one behaviour with another apparently irrelevant one e.g., displacement preening in wildfowl mating displays

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33
Q

How does ritualisation differ from cues

A

1.Conspicuousness – increases detectability
2.Redundancy e.g., repition, multi-modal signals, multi-element signals
3.Stereotypy = very little variation
4.Alerting components e.g., conspicuous movements/sounds

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34
Q

How does ritualisation aid communication

A

1.Increasing costs -> costs can ensure honesty
2.Increasing efficacy (effective transfer or information)
3.Increases ability of signallers to manipulate recievers and prevent recievers resisting their messages

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35
Q

How have signals evolved

A

to maximise transmission and minimise eavesdropping e.g., conspicuousness to predators. Guppies exposed to different predators have different colour patterns. Predators drive selection for use of ‘private wavelengths’

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36
Q

How do prey communicate with each other

A

Alert, Flee, Assemble, Attack

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37
Q

How can prey communicate with the predator

A

Startle displays

Aposematism = conspicuous warning of unprofitability

Pursuit deterrence e.g., mobbing

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38
Q

What calls for specific circumstances do vervet monkeys have

A

Leopard – head for the trees

Snake – stand and search

Raptor – look at the sky

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39
Q

What is sexual selection

A

natural selection for traits that increase reproductive success

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40
Q

Natural selection traits

A

Variation between indivduals. This variation affects survival. Variation is inherited

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41
Q

Sexual selection traits

A

Variation between individuals. This variation affects reproductive success. Variation is inherited

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42
Q

What is anisogamy

A

unequal gametes

43
Q

Anisogamy in human population

A

Females produce a small number of eggs, males produce large number of sperm. Females invest more in growing/caring for offspring

44
Q

Who is Emperor Mulai Ismail of Morocco

A

Reportedly fathered more than 800 children (0r 888 or 1042) form a harem of 500 women.

45
Q

Examples of intra-sexual selection (male-male competition)

A

Ardent males compete for access to females e.g., Fighting, Ritualised contests, Guard your females, Sperm competition

46
Q

Red deer intra-sexual selection example

A

e.g., red deer: roaring contest, parallel walking and boxing, antler – grappling. Serious fights are rare, but dangerous – permanent injury in 6% of stags

47
Q

Mate guarding

A

damselflies, elephant seals – prevents other males gettting access to fertile females

48
Q

Example of forced matings

A

rape in mallard ducks … sometimes to the point of drowning. Hemipetran bug (xylocoris maculipennis) - males inject sperm directly into the female through her body wall

49
Q

What is sperm competition

A

competition for inseminations between the sperm of rival males

50
Q

Sperm competition in Xylocoris macilipennis

A

1.Males inject sperm through the female’s body wall
2.Males inject sperm into rival males
3.‘Imposter’ sperm migrate to the rival male’s testes
4.Rival male inseminates female with imposter sperm

51
Q

Inter-sexual selection (female choice)

A

Selection favours females who choose the best possible males to mate with. How can females identify the best male – female choice. How can males improve their chance of being chosen – female attraction

52
Q

What are the benefits of choosing good quality mates

A

good resources and parenting ability, good genes (high quality sexy parents have high quality sexy offspring)

53
Q

How to impress females

A

Defeat the opposition. Defend a high quality territory. Provide ‘nuptial gifts’ = courtship feeding: proves ability tyo find food, provides energy to female, increases male’s cost of mating

54
Q

Advertising the genetic benefits of a good choice

A
  1. Have a trait that females find attractive to pass on to your sons (‘sexy sons’) = runaway sexual selection
  2. Have a stategic ‘handicap’ (a trait that only high quality males can afford to possess) e.g., the peacocks tails
55
Q

What is sexual conflict

A

conflicts of interest between males and females

56
Q

Examples of sexual conflict

A
  1. infanticicde e.g., Male lions slaughter the cubs when they take over a new pride. Females come back to oestrus. New male fathers new cubs
  2. sexual cannibalism – female mantids sometimes eat the male during mating
57
Q

Sexual conflict over parental care

A

Knetish plovers and female incubating eggs. Males and females both incubate the eggs at first. Either sex can desert in order to start a new nest with a new mate. The deserted mate is left to raise the family

58
Q

Example of when females compete for males

A

When males invest more in parental care than females e.g., moorhens, phalaropes, jacanas. Females lay eggs and start a new nest. Males incubate the clutch. Ardent females and choosy males

59
Q

Mating systems

A

1.Monogamy e.g., european robin
2.Polygamy/polygyny e.g., marsh harrier
3.Polyandry e.g., phalarope
4.Polygynandry e.g., kentish plover
5.Promiscuity e.g., aquatic warbler

60
Q

Relationship when there is a positive effect on others and on self

A

Mutualistic

61
Q

Relationship when there is a negative effect on others and on self

A

spiteful

62
Q

Relationship when there is a positive effect on others and a negative on self

A

Altruistic

63
Q

Relationship when there is a negative effect on others and positive effect on self

A

selfish

64
Q

Example of cooperation

A

Offspring have copies of parents’ genes, so helping offspring (e.g., by feeding them) is an effective way of maximising genetic contribution to future generations. Each parent contributes 50% of its genes to each offspring

65
Q

What is the coefficient to relatedness

A

= Genetic similarity of 2 individuals relative to the population as a whole

= probability that 2 individuals share a gene that is identical by descent (inherited from the same ancestor)

= probability of sharing a rare allele

66
Q

What is the coefficient of relatedness between parent and offspring

A

0.5

67
Q

What is the coefficient of relatedness between siblings

A

0.5

68
Q

How can individuals maximise their genetic contribution to the next generation

A

1.Helping to rear their full siblings

2.Rearing their own offspring e.g., long-tailed tits failed breeders

69
Q

Coefficient of related ness between identical twins

A

1

70
Q

Coefficient of related ness between grandparent

A

0.25

71
Q

Coefficient of related ness between aunt/uncle, nephew/neice

A

0.25

72
Q

Coefficient of related ness between great-grandparents

A

0.125

73
Q

Coefficient of related ness between 1st cousins

A

0.125

74
Q

Coefficient of related ness between great great grandparents

A

0.0625

75
Q

Coefficient of related ness between great great great grandparrnts

A

0.0313

76
Q

Coefficient of related ness between 2nd cousins

A

0.0313

77
Q

Coefficient of related ness between 3rd cousins

A

0.0078

78
Q

Coefficient of related ness between 4th cousins

A

0.002

79
Q

How can a gene maximise its transmission to the next generation

A
  1. Maximising the reproductive success of the individual it is in = direct fitness
    2.Maximising the reproductive success other individuals who [are likely to] share copies of that gene = indirect fitness
80
Q

Inclusive fitness =

A

direct fitness + indirect fitness

81
Q

How can long term fitness be optimized

A

inclusive fitness and kin selection

82
Q

What is kin selection

A

the process by which traits are favored due to their effects on the fitness of relatives

83
Q

What is Hamilton’s rule

A

Identifies the conditions under which altruism will spread due to kin selection

84
Q

When is altruism favoured

A

If: r*B-C > 0

R = coefficient of relatedness between actor and recipient
B = benefit to recipient
C = cost to actor
So, if r and or B are large, or C is very small -> Altruism

85
Q

Extreme altruism: suicide and sterility in the social insects

A

Bee stings are fatal to the worker = suicide

Workers rarely reproduce themselves but instead help their mother (the queen) to produce offspring = sterility

Males develop from unfertilised eggs and so are haploid: all of their genes come from their mother

Females develop from fertilised eggs, so are diploid: half of their genes come from their mother and half from the father

86
Q

Haplodiploid male insect coefficient of relatedness to mother/daughter

A

1

87
Q

Haplodiploid male insect coefficient of relatedness to son

A

0

88
Q

Haplodiploid female insect coefficient of relatedness to siblings

A

0.75

89
Q

Haplodiploid female insect coefficient of relatedness to neice/nephew

A

0.375

90
Q

Hamilton’s rule in action: Naked mole rats (sabre-toothed sausage)

A

Reproductive division of labour: one reproductive female “Queen”, 1-3 reproductive males, reproductive suppression of “workers” Lots of close relations (20-300 individuals)
High coefficients of relatedness
Cooperative foraging (sharing highly patchy food = tubers)

91
Q

Parameterising Hamilton’s rule: Cooperative courtship in wild turkeys

A

Male turkeys form coalitions to court and defend females

One dominant male (gets all the matings)

One subordinate male (gets no matings)

92
Q

What can cooperative courtship of turkeys estimate

A

Measure relatedness using microsatellite markers r = ~0.5, I.e., brother-brother or father-son coalitions

Estimate benefits of cooperation by comparing reproductive success of single or dominant males

Estimate cots by comparing reproductive success of single or subordinate males

93
Q

What are the reasons to cooperate

A

1.Kin selection indirect benefits to the cooperator, via benefits to close relations
2.By-product benefits
3.Reciprocity
4.Enforcement
5.Deception - (2-5 are) - direct benefits to the cooperator, at least in the long term (mutually benenficial)

94
Q

Benefits of cooperation

A
  1. Benefit effect on others
  2. Can have long-term benefits e.g., mutualism (mutual grooming. Reciprocal feeding of blood meals in vampire bats0
95
Q

What is deception

A

Animals may cooperate ‘by mistake’ and manipulation of recievers by signallers

96
Q

Example of deception

A

.g., large blue butterfly caterpillars deceiving ants

Cuckoos deceiving reed warblers

Playback experiment by Davies et al. (1998) - Cuckoo chick begging displays mimic a whole brood of red warbler chicks

97
Q

What is spite

A

incurring costs to your own reproduction by harming others

98
Q

When is spite favoured

A

r*B – C > 0 . This can occur if r is negative

99
Q

Spite example - Parasitoid wasps

A

High costs to the actor (soldiers are sterile and do not become adults). Soldiers harm only relatively unrelated individuals
Strong competition for limited resources (one caterpillar)

Lays I male egg and 1 female egg into caterpillar

Eggs divide asexually, producing thousands of larvae

Larvae either develop normally (bottom), or develop as sterile ‘soldiers’ (top), which kill larvae of the opposite sex

The survive larvae continue to develop inside the caterpillar and eventually hatch out as reproductive adults

100
Q

How is spiteful and alturistic deception explained

A

by indirect benefits

101
Q

What is the Prisoner’s dilemma

A

Defection pays, if your opponent cooperates

Cooperation pays, if your opponent also cooperates

102
Q

What does your choice of cooperation or defection depend on

A

1.Relative payoffs of each strategy
2.Behavior of opponent
3.Reputation
4.Whether you expect to have future interactions with opponent

103
Q

Constant defection and ‘tit for tat’ as evolutionary stable strategies (ESS)

A

= keep cooperating until your opponent defects. Retaliate to defections by defecting next time

Requires: Possibility of meeting again, ability to remember previous interactions

Organisms And Their Environment (9 decks)

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