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Organisms And Their Environment > Animal/Fungal/plant Diversity > Flashcards

Animal/Fungal/plant Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we need plants

A

food security, green bioeconomy, healthier foods, environmental sustainability,

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2
Q

How can you improve productivity of a crop

A

conventional breeding - selecting for yield, improved arogonomy, GM (selecting traits which will increase yield)

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3
Q

How can we decrease waste

A

increasing shelf life, improving storage conditions, pests and disease, household waste

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4
Q

How could we adapt plants to improve food security

A

drought resistant, flooding tolerant, salt resistant

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5
Q

What % of crops are lost to pests and disease

A

40%

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6
Q

Why are biofuels bad

A

oil reserves are running out and fossil fuels lead to climate change

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7
Q

What is green bioeconomy (bio products)

A

plants produce a wide range of natural products which could be exploited if we purified them. Could engineer plants into biological factors.

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8
Q

How many people suffer from micronutrient deficiencies

A

2 billion

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9
Q

How can we increase environmental sustainability

A

Use resources more efficiently (reduce fertiliser and pesticide use)

Protecting biodiversity (farming damages biodiversity, plants are the key stone to the environment)

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10
Q

What is plasticity

A

it is possible for cells to undifferentiated then re-differentiate. You can regenerate a whole plant from almost any piece of tissue

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11
Q

What causes species to be morphologically different

A

their growth environment

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12
Q

What is a cotyledon

A

a leaf like structure that is formed in the embryo

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13
Q

What is a monocot

A

has 1 cotyledon (e.g., grasses, palms and orchids)

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14
Q

What is a dicot

A

has 2 cotyledons (e.g., leafy crops)

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15
Q

Wind pollination

A

Flowers structured for dispersal

Common method in monocots

Large quantities of pollen

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16
Q

Animal pollination

A

Usually insects

Brightly ‘coloured’ structures

Attractive

Benefit (e.g, nectar)

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17
Q

What are the 4 groups plants split up into once that had evolved

A

Non-vascular (liverworts, hornworts, mosses)

*Vascular, seedless (Ferns, lycophytes)

*Vascular, seeded, non-flowering (Gymnosperms)

*Vascular, seeded, flowering (Angiosperms – monocots vs dicots)

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18
Q

What are the 3 important taxonomical ranks of fungi

A

Mycota (basidiomycota)

Mycotina (agaricomycotina)

Mycetes (agaricomycetes)

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19
Q

What is the main component of the fungal cell wall

A

chitin

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20
Q

What is chitin

A

Chain formed by N – acetylglucosamine units

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21
Q

Where is ergosterol found

A

fungi cell membranes

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22
Q

what us ergosterol

A

Precursor of vitamin D2

Target for anti fungal drugs

Indicator of fungal presence in soil

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23
Q

What is the role of hyphae

A

achieve vegetative spread and absorption of nutrients. Ramify over and within the substratum (food source), Absorb small molecules directly and excrete extracellular enzymes to break down large molecules for absorbance

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24
Q

How are hyphae adapted for their function

A

long and thin to provide a large surface area to volume ratio for absorption

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25
Q

What allows differentation/ different activities to occur in mycelium

A

higher fungi tubes to be divided into compartments by cross walls (septum)

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26
Q

What is mycelium

A

arises from a germinating sperm

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27
Q

What is mycelia

A

diverging hyphae with tangenital connection to form networks

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28
Q

Why do hyphae spread away from each other

A

to optimize area explored for capture of nutrients

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29
Q

Why do hyphae aggregate

A

to form fruit bodies and other tissues/organs (e.g., pseudosclerotial plates). To form linear organs which achieve vegetative spread (cords rhizomorphs)

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30
Q

What can hyphae form

A

they grow rapidly between resources to form extensive systems that are differentiated internally to respond to new resources and the needs of the system

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31
Q

what do hyphae translocate

A

H2O and nutrients

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32
Q

What do fungi need

A

fixed C in plant/animal material because they cannot photosynthesise because they do not contain chlorophyll

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33
Q

What compounds can fungi use

A

all organic compounds used by plants and animals

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34
Q

How can fungi utilize organic molecules

A

saprotrophy, necrotrophy, biotrophy

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35
Q

What are the roles of saprotrophs

A

Nutrient cycling, Nutrient translocation, Humus formation, Soil structure and stability

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36
Q

types of wood decay caused by saprotrophs

A

stain, brown rot, white rot and soft rot

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37
Q

species that cause stain wood decay

A

Mainly ascomycetes, E.g. Phialophora spp., Ceratocystis sp., Chlorosplenium aeruginascens

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38
Q

species that cause brown rot wood decay

A

Mainly basidiomycetes, e.g. Piptoporus betulinus, Coniophora puteana, Serpula lacrimans

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39
Q

Species that cause white rot wood decay

A

Mainly basidiomycetes, e.g. Trametes versicolor, Hericium

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40
Q

Species that cause soft rot wood decay

A

Mainly ascomycetes, E.g. Chaetomium spp.

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41
Q

Where are hyphae found

A

on cell wall, in lumen so enzymes can diffuse into the wall

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42
Q

what compounds do fungi use for brown rot

A

simple compounds, cellulose and hemicellulos. Does not use lignin

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43
Q

What appearance does brown rot have

A

brown crumbly appearance

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44
Q

What compounds does white rot use

A

all compounds, including lignin

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45
Q

How does white rot occur

A

hyphae lie on cell wall in lumen. Forms erosion grooves which coalesce. Can completely decompose wood to CO2 and H2O

46
Q

What compounds are utilised for soft rot

A

simple compounds, cellulose and hemicellulose. Lignin removal is absent or slow and incomplete

47
Q

Soft rot features and importance

A

cell wall breakdown is much slower and less extensive. Important in wet and fluctuating moisture conditions

48
Q

where does type 1 soft rot occur

A

In S2 layer producing cavities

49
Q

Where does type 2 soft rot occur

A

in lumen, giving erosion grooves

50
Q

How can nectrotrophs kill their host

A

enzymes ‘damping off’, vascular wilts, toxins (lesions discrete, spread slowly), rusts, smuts, mildews

51
Q

What do necrotrophs do

A

abstracts nutrients, harms the plant but host lives -often extended life and kept in a juvenile condition, e.g. green islands

52
Q

Mutualist of linchen

A

photobiont (chlorophyta or cyanobacteria) or mycobiont (ascomycota or basidiomycota)

53
Q

When is biotrophy of lichens important

A

in many extreme terrestrial environments and for monitoring pollution

54
Q

what % of plants form mycorrhizas

A

90

55
Q

what is a mycorrhiza

A

symbiotic association between plant and fungus. Plants depend on fungi to form partnerships with roots

56
Q

examples of mycorrhiza

A

angiosperms, gymnosperms, pteridophytes

57
Q

orchid mycorrhizas

A

very small seeds with little nutrient reserve, achlorophyllous for some or even all of life. The fungi are wood decay basidiomycetes and pathogens – delicate balance

58
Q

What did John Hoggs and Ernst Haeckel do in the 18000s

A

classified protists and eukaryotic microorganisms. Removed minerals

59
Q

What did Robert Whittaker do

A

identified bacteria, fungi, plants and animals

60
Q

What did Carl Woese do

A

RNA analysis. Bacteria, archaea and eukarya (3 domains)

61
Q

What can classification systems be based on

A

morphology, nucleic acids and biogeigraphy

62
Q

What are the kingdoms

A

animal, plant, fungi, protist, prokaryotes (archaea and bacteria)

63
Q

Order of classification systems

A

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

64
Q

What is an animal

A

> 10million, Multicellular, Large – bigger than protozoa, Heterotrophic, Motile (part/all post-embryonic), Polarisation along anterior-posterior locomotory axis, Epithelial cells, Ach/cholinesterase system, Monophyletic clade

65
Q

How are epithelia flexible

A

have complex shapes, compartmentalise and are anatomically complex

66
Q

How can epithelia be waterproof

A

held together with proteins, fluid filled spaces for support and concentration

67
Q

What is the role of Ach/cholinesterase

A

transmits information from one cell to another (synapse)

68
Q

What are the major groups of animal phyla

A

Sponges, Ctenophores, Placozoans, Cnidarians, Bilaterians

69
Q

How many monophyletic phyla are there

A

33

70
Q

Sponges features

A

n ~ 8,500, Loosely organised, No true organs, No specialised cell layers, have spicules, contain choanocytes

71
Q

What are spicules

A

hard body elements (provide structural support)

72
Q

What are choanocytes

A

specialised feeding cells

73
Q

What are sponges niche

A

clean and filter water out

74
Q

Placozoans niche

A

mediates mucociliary locomotion and nutrient uptake

75
Q

Placozoans features

A

n ~ 2 so far, No mouth, No gut, Diploblastic (2 different types of tissue), Contractile fibre cell in the middle , Not well studied

76
Q

Ctenophores niche

A

predators, in the marine food chain

77
Q

Features of ctenophores

A

n ~250, Radial symmetry, Diploblastic (embryo), Ectoderm & endoderm, Mesoglea, Complete gut, 8 Ctenes

78
Q

What is the mesoglea

A

functions as a hydrostatic skeleton - Extra cellular matrix (link together to form structurally stable composite – contributes to cells mechanical properties)

79
Q

What are ctenes

A

band of fused cilia on the bodies of ctenophores, used for locomotion)

80
Q

Examples of cnidarians

A

jellyfishes, sea anemones, corals

81
Q

Cnidarian features

A

n ~ 12,500, Gastrovascular cavity – primary organ of digestion and circulation), Typically Sessile (polyp) (reproduce asexually)& Motile (medusa)(sexual reproduction) life stages

82
Q

What are nematocytes

A

explosive cell. Shoots a thread like tubule normally toxic, to a target. Helps couture prey/ used in defence.

83
Q

Cnidarians niche

A

use their cnidocysts to rap prey items, others depend on zooxanthallae which carry out photosynthesis within the animals tissue and pass on carbon compounds to be fixed.

84
Q

What will the ectoderm form

A

epidermal layer of skin

85
Q

What will the endoderm form

A

lining of the gut, liver and lungs

86
Q

What will the mesoderm form

A

muscle, bone, kidneys, blood and connective tissue

87
Q

What is the grey crescent

A

the site where major cell movement will begin

88
Q

What will the neural ectoderm form

A

nervous system

89
Q

What is bilateral symmetry

A

anatomical parts are arranged on opposite sides of a median existing so only one plane can divide the individual into identical halves

90
Q

What are the 3 layers of a tripoblast

A

exoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

91
Q

What is a protostome

A

The mouth id formed before the anal opening. Blastopore - mouth

92
Q

What is a deutrostome

A

anal opening forms before its mouth. Blastopore - anal opening

93
Q

What is a blastopore

A

first opening in the embryo (during gastrulation)

94
Q

Phyla with > 15000 species which are protosomes

A

flatworms, annelids, mollusks, nematodes, arthropods

95
Q

Phyla with > 15000 species which are deuterostomes

A

chordata

96
Q

Flatworm features

A

Structurally diverse
* May be free living or parasitic
* Most of the 30,000 spp are tapeworms/flukes
* Vertebrates
* Mostly gut endoparasites
* A Lophotrochozoan (RNA)

97
Q

Flatworm species

A

Taenia asiatica and Schistosoma Spp

98
Q

Annelid features

A

Segmented wormlike bodies. Separate ganglia (clusters of nerve cell bodies) for each segment ( round and segmented). Thin permeable body -Gas exchange

99
Q

What are lophotrochozoan

A

a clade of protosome animals. Tripoblastic

100
Q

Mollusk species examples

A

octopus, squid, slugs, snails, muscles, oysters …

101
Q

Features of mollusks

A

Most diverse lophotrochozoan. Large foot. Main organs in a visceral mass (soft, non- muscular metabolic region of the mollusc that contains the bodies organs, holds the bulk of the respiratory, reproductive, digestive etc systems). Mantle (body wall of the mollusc from which the shell is secreted) covers the visceral mass

102
Q

Nematode features

A

Ecdysozoan group of protosomes. Roundworms (most abundant). Thick, multi-layered cuticle (Gas exchange (also with gut)). Un-segmented (Contract their body to move). Many are predators and parasites

103
Q

Nematode species

A

Caenorhabditis elegans and Ascaris lumbricoides

104
Q

What are ecdysozoans

A

group of protosomes (3 layered cuticle, lack locomotory cilia, embtuo does not undergo spiral cleavage)

105
Q

Why do arthropods have jointed and specialised appendages

A

to allow for greater flexibility and a range of movement. Biramous (branches into 2)

106
Q

Arthropod features

A

Diverse (>1.2 million sp) & Numerous. Segmented bodies. Exoskeleton (provides large surface area for muscles) - Chitin – waterproofing. Muscles on the inside. Jointed and specialised appendages

107
Q

What common features do chordata share at some stage in development

A

dorsal hollow nerve cord, tail that extends beyond the anus and a dorsal supporting rod (notochord)

108
Q

What is a dorsal hollow nerve cord

A

hollow bundle of nerve fibers that transverse dorsally the longitudinal axis of chordates at some stage of their life, and runs above the notochord and gut.

109
Q

What benefit does chordata get from a tail that extends beyond the anus

A

a source of locomotion in aquatic species, located dorsally to the notochord

110
Q

What is a dorsal supporting rod (notochord)

A

flexible, rod-shaped mesodermal structure. Located between the digestive tube and the nerve cord and provides skeletal support and flexible attachment of axial muscles. Ats a primary axial support of the body

111
Q

What is included in chordata

A

lancelets, tunicates and vertebrates (notochord replaced by supporting structure)

112
Q

Humans taxonomy

A

Animal (K), Chordate (P), Mammal (C), Primates (O), Hominidae (F), Homo (G), Homo sapiens (S)

Organisms And Their Environment (9 decks)

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