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Organisms And Their Environment > Medical microbiology > Flashcards

Medical microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is epidemiology the study of

A

he nature, distribution, causation, transfer, prevention and control of disease (infectious/microbial in this case)

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2
Q

How many deaths did infection cause

A

1.68 billion

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3
Q

What vaccinations were made last century

A

Measels, HIV/AIDS/ hepatitis/ influenza pandemics/ respiratory viruses/ smallpox

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4
Q

What vaccinations have been made now and are planned to in the future

A

HIV/AIDS, influenza, SARS and ebola virus, Covid-19

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5
Q

Major global disease examples

A

respiratory - myobacterium tuberculosis.
Diarrheal - vibrio cholerae

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6
Q

What do infections involve

A

host, microorganisms and environment interactions

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7
Q

What are opportunistic pathogens

A

pathogens capable of causing damage and infection in a compromised host

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8
Q

What are obligate pathogens

A

causes damage and infection as part of its growth and replication

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9
Q

What are facultative pathogens

A

causes disease as one part of its lifecycle or when in a different host

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10
Q

What are commensal pathogens

A

induces either no damage or clinically inapparent damage to the host but may elicit an immune response

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11
Q

Obligate pathogen features

A

gram-positive, aerobe, phylum: actinobacteria. e.g., TB

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12
Q

Facultative pathogen features

A

gram-negative, facultative anaerobe, class: gammaproteobacterial. e.g., vibrio cholerae

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13
Q

Opportunistic pathogen features - pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

gram negative, phylum: proteobacteria, class: gammaproteobacteria.

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14
Q

Opportunistic pathogen features - staphylococcus aureus

A

gram positive, phylum: firmicutes, class: bacilli

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15
Q

commensal pathogen features

A

gram positive, phylum: firmicutes, class: bacilli e.g., epithelial or gut bacteria. Lactobacillus acidophilus

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16
Q

Example of how cf lung infections are diagnosed

A

sputum/cough swab -> microbial growth -> pure culture -> pathogen identification -> antibiotic susceptibility -> treatment and management

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17
Q

how can a pathogen be identified

A

species PCRs, sequencing, strain typing, MALDI-TOF MS

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18
Q

Issues to consider in medical microbiology

A

respiratory sample types, microorganisms present, growth media, multiple pathogens, indentification tests, useful antibiotics?, treatment strategies, pathogenic mechanisms

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19
Q

What knowledge do we have about different strains

A

knowledge of clonality or genetic identity - ribotyping, macro restriction and PFGE, PCR-fingerprinting, DNA sequencing

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20
Q

What are species

A

consist of large numbers or strains which share similar phenotypic and genetic properties (16S rRNA gene (>97% identity), gyrB or recA gene > 70% DNA-DNA hybridisation, average nucleotide identity)

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21
Q

What can identify a meroclone and a clone

A

whole-, core-, and accessory- genome multilocus sequencing type

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22
Q

What can identify a strain

A

ribosomal multilocus sequencing type

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23
Q

What can identify a species, lineage or clonal complex

A

multilocus sequencing type

24
Q

What can identify phylum, class, order, family and genus

A

16S rRNA sequences

25
Q

What does PCR genotyping and pulsed-field gel electropheresis (PFGE) identify

A

define strains just below the species level. Cannot work above or below this

26
Q

Multilocus sequence typing (MLST)

A

Initially PCR based (1988). Sequence several conserved genes. Approx. 500 bp from a PCR fragment. Define genetic linkage between strains. Globally searchable strain database

27
Q

MLST identified Burkholderia, how was this useful?

A

Burkholderia bacteria may spread between CF patients. MLST scheme established. Allowed global strain tracking. Infection control reduced spread

28
Q

What are virulence factors

A

molecules that assist the bacterium colonize the host

29
Q

virulence factor examples

A

acid host colonization, host destrcution, nutrient scavenging, poisoning, intracellular entry, sndotoxin, exotoxin and adhesions

30
Q

What may pathogen genomes also encode

A

virulence factors on mobile genetic elements

31
Q

what virulence factor could clostridium botulinum encode for

A

neurotoxin

32
Q

multiple virulence factor plasmids - E.coli

A

enterotoxins, haemolysins, pili, urease

33
Q

genomic islands

A

classical pathogenicity islands e.g., uropathogenic E.coli - haemolysis, serum resistance and adhesions

34
Q

Intergrative conjugative element (ICE)

A

e.g., Tn917 system in Enterococcus faecalis. Large conjugative transposons, mobilised by a type IV secretion system

35
Q

Transposable elements (TE)

A

e.g., V.cholerae - cholera toxin, CTX compound transposons

36
Q

Linking Burkholderia epidemiology to virulence: an epidemic strain marker

A

The B. cepacia epidemic strain marker (BCESM). Identified in transmissible CF strains by RAPD fingerprinting. Risk marker for potential patient – to –patient spread

37
Q

what is a microbiome

A

“the entire habitat, including the microorganisms (bacteria, archaea, lower and higher eukaryotes, and viruses), their genomes (I.e., genes), and the surrounding environmental conditions”

38
Q

What are microbiota

A

“the assemblage of microorganism present in a defined environment”

39
Q

what is an ecological niche

A

the functional role on organism plays within an ecosystem

40
Q

What is a commensal relationship

A

a relationship where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

41
Q

What is a mutualistic relationship

A

a mutually beneficial relationship between 2 organisms

42
Q

Essential roles of the human bacteriome

A
  1. Extracting energy from food
  2. Producing essential vitamins
  3. Regulating our immune system
  4. Regulating our glucose levels and metabolism
  5. Protecting us against disease-causing microbes
43
Q

Role of the bacteriome in the nose

A

mucus production, antimicrobial compound production

44
Q

Role of the bacteriome in the mouth

A

aid digestion, inhibit pathogens - “colonization resistance”

45
Q

Role of the bacteriome in the lungs

A

lubricate pulmonary tissue

46
Q

Role of the bacteriome in the stomach

A

prevents gastric complications

47
Q

Role of the bacteriome in the colon

A

digestion of complex carbohydrates

48
Q

Role of the bacteriome in sexual organs

A

maintain pH, produce H2O2 to kill pathogens

49
Q

Role of the bacteriome in the skin

A

fortify immune system, scent

50
Q

What are the metabolome and what do they do

A

the global collection of all low molecular weight metabolites that are produced by cells during metabolism, and provides a direct functional readout of cellular activity and physiological status

51
Q

Why is the microbiome important when considering pathogenicity

A
  1. Reservoir of opportunistic pathogens
  2. Reservoir of genes
  3. Source of antimicrobials and stimulatory components
  4. Interacts with the host
52
Q

What is dybiosis

A

any change to the composition of resident commensal microbial communities relative to the community found in healthy individuals

53
Q

Which diseases are linked to gut dybiosis

A

obesity, type 2 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, allergy. Asthma, cardiovascular disease, anxiety/mood disorders

54
Q

What is pathobiont

A

any potential pathological or5ganisms which, under normal circumstances, lives as a non-harming symbiont

55
Q

how many species of bacteria are in the gut alone

A

> 1000

56
Q

Where are samples for the microbial population usually taken from

A
  1. faeces
  2. urine/genital swabs
  3. Sputum - lung

Organisms And Their Environment (9 decks)

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