Animal Breeding & Genetics Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
Aims in improving animals by changing their genetic abilities for important traits
A
Animal breeding
2
Q
Art and science for improvement of an animal
A
Animal breeding
3
Q
Application of genetic principles for improvement of livestock
A
Animal breeding
4
Q
Anything that can be recorded or measured on an individual
A
Trait
5
Q
A distinguishing phenotypic characteristics, typically belonging to an individual
A
Trait
6
Q
What can be observed or measured on the animal for a certain trait
A
Phenotype
7
Q
Process whereby animals that are better adapted to their environment have a higher chance to survive and produce more offspring than less adapted animals
A
Natural selection
8
Q
Process of conversion of I wild animals to domestic use
A
Domestication
9
Q
2nd domesticated animal
A
Pig
10
Q
Pre-requisite for domestication (4)
A
- Animals should adapt to the type of feed offered by humans
- Survive and reproduce in closed quarters of captivity
- Naturally calm
- Recognize human as their superior
11
Q
Group of animals of a certain species that has become uniform in performance, appearance, and selection history
A
Breed
12
Q
Largest group of animals that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring
A
Species
13
Q
Concluded that the individuals that fit best in their environment have the highest chance to survive and reproduce
A
Charles Darwin
14
Q
Study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity
A
Genetics
15
Q
2 basic cell types
A
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
16
Q
Fundamental unit of heredity
A
Gene
17
Q
Multiple forms of gene
A
Alleles
18
Q
Where are genes located
A
Chromosomes
19
Q
Carrier of genetic information
A
DNA
20
Q
Protein coding sequence of gene
A
Exon
21
Q
Intervening sequence in gene
A
Intron
22
Q
Unit ot 3 nucleotides in gene
A
Codon
23
Q
The four bases in gene can form __ different codons
A
64
24
Q
Position on a chromosome of a given gene
A
Locus
25
Threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes
Chromosome
26
Tightly coiled DNA strand
Chromosome
27
Animals with 60 chromosomes
Buffalo
Cattle
Goat
28
Animals with 38 chromosomes
Cat
Pig
29
3 fundamental events in cell reproduction
1. Genetic information must be copied
2. Copies of genetic information must be separated from each other
3. Cell must divide
30
Process of nuclear division of two daughter cells receive a complement of chromosome identical with the parent cells
Mitosis
31
Condensation of chromosomes, disappearance of the nucleolus, formation of mitotic spindle
Prophase
32
Chromosome arrange in the equatorial plane of the spindle
Metaphase
33
Chromosomes move toward the pole of the spindle
Anaphase
34
The spindle disappears, nucleus reforms around each set of chromosomes
Telophase
35
Mendel'S particulate hereditary element
Gene
36
Various forms of a given gene
Alleles
37
The members of a pair of alleles are different
Heterozygous
38
The two alleles are like
Homozygous
39
Genetic constitution of an organism
Genotype
40
Observable properties of an organism
Phenotype
41
The offspring cross between inherently unlike individuals
Hybrid
42
Denoting the generation or generations after the parental generation
Filial
43
Can be seen in hybrids
Dominant trait
44
Cannot be seen in hybrids
Recessive traits
45
Cross between first-generation offspring of parents who differ in one trait
Monohybrid cross
46
Cross between first-generation offspring of parents who differ in two traits
Dihybrid cross
47
Useful in determining the dominance of genes
Monohybrid cross
48
Useful in studying the assortment of the offspring
Dihybrid cross
49
Diagram used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment
Punnett square
50
Used to determine the probability of an offspring having a particular genotype
Punnett square
51
Tabular summary of possible combinations ot maternal alleles with paternal alleles
Punnett square
52
Can be used to determine whether a dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous
Testcross
53
A cross between a heterozygote and an individual homozygous for the recessive alleles of the genes
Testcross
54
Can also be used to determine if two genes are linked or unlinked by mating with a known heterozygote
Testcross
55
Cross between a hybrid and an individual with the same genotype as one or the other of its parents
Backcross
56
Non-allelic interaction of genes with complementary or inhibitory effects
Epistasis
57
Two different alleles in a heterozygote are both fully expressed, resulting in a phenotype that is qualitatively different from those of the homozygote
Codominance
58
The product of one allele might either inhibit or enhance the activity of another gene, or a single trait might require the activity of two or more genes
Epistasis
59
Simple and direct test of independent assortment
Testcross
60
A point at which paired chromosomes remain in contact during the first metaphase of meiosis, and at which crossing over and exchange of genetic material occur between the strands
Chiasma
61
Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during sexual reproduction
Crossing over
62
Science that deals with heredity and variation
Animal genetics
63
Used to determine if an animal is a carrier of recessive gene
Testcross
64
Can also be used to see if there is linkage
Testcross
65
A dominant gene inhibits the expression of its allele
Complete dominance / recessiveness
66
A dominant gene cannot totally mask or inhibit the expression of its allele, thus a different phenotype is produced in the heterozygous state
Nodominance
67
The heterozygous individuals are preferred or selected compared to homozygous dominant or recessive
Overdominance
68
Requires interaction of alleles to produce a phenotype
Epistasis
69
Intermediate between the respective homozygote
Absence of dominance
70
Intermediate but may be more similar to one than to another
Partial dominance
71
Results in 2 recombinant chromatids and 2 non-recombinant chromatids
Crossing over
72
Branch of genetics that studies the genetic make-up of groups of individuals and how a group's genetic composition changes with time
Population genetics
73
A proportion or percentage
Frequency
74
Mathematical model that evaluates the effect of reproduction on the genotypic and balletic frequencies of a population
Hardy-weinberg law
75
Tendency for like individuals to mate
Positive assortative mating
76
Tendency for unlike individuals to mate
Negative assortative mating
77
Preferential mating between related individuals
Inbreeding
78
Mating of unrelated individuals
Outcrossing
79
Influence the rate at which one genetic variant increases at the expense of another
Mutation
80
Results to influx of genes from other populations
Migration / gene flow
81
Develops when a population undergoes drastic reduction in population
Genetic bottle neck
82
Establishment of a population by a small number of individual
Founder effect
83
One allele or trait is favored over another
Directional selection
84
Differences in genotypes among individual members of a population
Genetic variance
85
Environmental differences or variation in phenotype that is not inherited
Environmental variance
86
The process in which certain individuals in a population are preferred to others for production of the next generation
Selection
87
3 selection methods
Tandem selection
Independent culling level
Selection index
88
Selection is made for one trait or character at a time until it is improved, then for a second trait and so on
Tandem selection
89
A method where minimum standards of performance are established for each trait in the criteria
Independent culling level
90
Each character is given a score and scores for all characters being considered are added together. Those with the poorest total scores would be culled
Selection index
91
Breeding of individuals that are closely related genetically
Inbreeding
92
Attempts to maximize desirable homozygous alleles
Line breeding
93
Selective in breeding that produces individuals possesing one or more of the favorable characteristics of their common ancestor
Line breeding
94
Mating between animals of different breeds or lines
Crossbreeding
95
An interbreeding group of animals within a species with some identifiable common appearance, performance, ancestry, or selection history
Breed
96
The performance of a crossbred in one or more traits is better than the average performance of the two parents
Heterosis / hybrid vigor
97
Two breeds are crossed and the offspring is used only for production purposes and is not used for breeding
Two-way cross (pure-breed cross)
98
Two-way cross females are crossed to a purebred male of a third breed
Three-way cross
99
Two-way cross females are crossed to crossbred males of a third and fourth breed
Four-way crosses
100
This cross aims to change a population of animals quickly from one breed to another
Grading up
101
A group of identical individuals of a particular breed that always produce offspring of the same phenotype when intercrossed
Pure breeding
102
3 types of crossbreeding
Out-breeding
Inbreeding
Line breeding
103
Mating of animals of the same breed but which have no closer relationship than at least 4 to 6 generation
Out-breeding
104
Mating of closely related animals
Inbreeding
105
Relationship less intense than inbreeding
Line breeding
106
Usually directed towards keeping the offspring related to some highly priced ancestor
Line breeding
