Animal Cardiovascular and Respiratory System

Question 1

T/F the respiratory and circulatory system depend on diffusion and bulk flow over long distances

Answer 1

True

Question 2

When talking about the diffusion of gas, we call it ___ instead of concentration gradient

Answer 2

partial pressure (high pressure -> low pressure)

Question 3

How do you calculate total atmospheric pressure

Answer 3

sum of partial pressures of a mixture of gases = total atmospheric pressure

Question 4

Why is partial pressure important

Answer 4

for oxygen to diffuse from the air to the cells, the partial pressure inside the cell must be lowers than the atmospheric oxygen

Question 5

Why are the lungs and intestines large

Answer 5

large surface area allows for more effective and efficient diffusion

Question 6

What are the 4 steps of gas transport and exchange in multicellular organisms (in order)

Answer 6

1.) ventilation
2.) diffusion pt.1
3.) circulation
4.) diffusion pt. 2

Question 7

What occurs during ventilation (gas exchange)

Answer 7

oxygen concentration in air or water on the outside of the respiratory surface

Question 8

what occurs during diffusion pt.1 (gas exchange)

Answer 8

build up of oxygen favors movement of oxygen into the animal across the respiratory surface

Question 9

what happens during circulation (gas exchange)

Answer 9

oxygenated blood is sent to the tissues and oxygen is maximized outside target cells

Question 10

what happens during diffusion pt.2 (gas exchange)

Answer 10

oxygen diffuses across cell membranes and into mitochondria where it contributes to ATP production

Question 11

how to gills work

Answer 11

made of filaments that contain numerous lamellae which provide high surface area to volume ratio for fast gas exchange. the gills are protected by operculum.

Question 12

explain aquatic gas exchange

Answer 12

they take oxygen from the water through gills (highly folded structures that facilitate gas exchange with surround water)

Question 13

what is countercurrent exchange

Answer 13

fluids with different properties move in opposite directions (water flow one way, gas flow the other)

highly efficient oxygen extraction while carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood vessels and into the water that leaves the gill chamber

Question 14

What happens to your tidal ventilation during exercise

Answer 14

intercostal muscles assist the diaphragm by pushing up the lungs on inhalation and dropping them during exhalation, this allows for more volume

Question 15

how many liters of air do we go through every tidal volume cycle

Answer 15

0.5L

Question 16

Why is or is not tidal respiration efficient

Answer 16

a fraction of the normal amount of oxygen that can be extracted is less than 25%, unlike countercurrent flow which is 90%+

disadvantages of tidal respiration is offset by ventilating the lungs at high rates

Question 17

what percent of blood composition is red blood cells

Answer 17

45%. 1% buffy coat (white blood cells + platelets) and 55% plasma

Question 18

What is the name for a monomer that contains only a single heme group

Answer 18

myoglobin

Question 19

oxygen in the blood binds to what

Answer 19

heme groups in hemoglobins

Question 20

What occurs during vasoconstriction

Answer 20

arterioles supplying tissues needing less blood shrink in diameter by contracting their smooth muscles in their fiber walls which reduces the blood flow

Question 21

what happens during vasodilation

Answer 21

opposite of vasoconstriction

Question 22

what is the importance of lymph

Answer 22

1.) vertebrates return excess extracellular fluid to the blood stream by the lymphatic system (network of blood vessels in body)
2.) fluid in lymphatic system = lymph
3.) small lymphatic vessels drain big ones
4.) lymphatic vessels have one way valves

Question 23

Describe the amphibian circulatory system process

Answer 23

1.) deoxygenated blood from tissues enters heart
2.) oxygenated blood from lungs enters heart
3.) mixed oxygenated and deoxygenated blood is pump of its ventricle and into separate arties

Question 24

T/F during diastole, the ventricles contract and pump blood out of the heart

Answer 24

False: that’s systole

Question 24

describe the mammal circulatory process

Answer 24

1.) deoxygenated blood enters heart
2.) deoxygenated blood passes through the heart
3.) deoxygenated blood is pumped into the pulmonary arteries
4.) oxygenated blood returns from lungs
5.) oxygenated blood passes through heart
6.) oxygenated blood is pumped to the bloodstream

Question 25

how to calculate cardiac output

Answer 25

CO = HR * SV (stroke volume)

Question 26

What is frank-starling’s law?

Answer 26

the greater the volume of blood returned to the heart increases stretching of the muscle and leads to more forceful pumping of blood and a greater stroke volume