Cells

Question 1

What is the three concepts of cell theory

Answer 1

1.) all organisms are made of cells

2.) cells are a the fundamental unit of life

3.) all cells come from pre-existing cells

Question 2

the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane states what

Answer 2

1.) bilayer
2.) phospholipids
3.) cholesterol
4.) proteins
5.) lipids
6.) dynamic (like a fluid)

Question 3

What is a micelle

Answer 3

ball-shaped cell that affects the fluidity of plasmid membranes

Question 4

This structure’s characteristics include regulating the temperature, length of non-polar tails, additional post-transitional modifications and have single/double bonds

Answer 4

lipids

Question 5

T/F the head of a phospholipid is hydrophobic

Answer 5

False: it is hydroPHILIC

Question 6

What does FRAP do?

Answer 6

Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleading shows that proteins move freely in the membrane

Question 7

What components of a phospholipid is hydrophilic

Answer 7

the head consisting of choline, phosphate and a glycerol backbone

Question 8

T/F Fatty acid chains are hydrophilic

Answer 8

False: they are hydrophobic

Question 9

What is the importance of cholesterol in animal cells

Answer 9

it is amphipathic (hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts) and reduces membrane fluidity at normal temperatures

Question 10

T/F all membrane proteins are classified as integral peripheral proteins

Answer 10

True

Question 11

this membrane protein is described as transmembrane proteins, span the entire membrane, are permanently associated with the cell membrane and cannot be separated from membrane

Answer 11

Integral membrane protein

Question 12

this protein is described as temporarily associated with internal or external side of the cell

Answer 12

Peripheral membrane protein

Question 13

T/F the cell membrane is impermeable

Answer 13

False: it is selectively permeable and allows some molecules in/out

Question 14

What is passive transport

Answer 14

requires no energy/work to move; diffusion

Question 15

Difference between simple and facilitated diffusion

Answer 15

simple:
- high concentration to low concentration via concentration gradient

facilitated:
- move via channels in the membrane (passively)

Question 16

This type of transport requires ATP for a channel to activate and/or will move molecules against the concentration gradient

Answer 16

active transport

Question 17

Describe the properties of a prokaryote

Answer 17

• has no nucleus
• transcription and translation occurs in the cytoplasm
• hopanoids in the cell membrane
• small
• no organelles

Question 18

describe the properties of a eukaryote

Answer 18

• has a nucleus
• transcription occurs in the nucleus
• translation occurs in the cytoplasm
• sterols (cholesterol) in the cell membrane
• larger than prokaryotes
• has organelles

Question 19

What is the purpose of the endomembrane

Answer 19

has two compartments; one within the organelles and one outside the organelles. the separation allows for specific functions to take place in/out of the membrane

vesicles allow for communication between the organelles

Question 20

T/F the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is associated with ribosomes which synthesize proteins

Answer 20

False: it’s the ROUGH endoplasmic reticulum

Question 21

T/F the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the primary site of lipid synthesis

Answer 21

True

Question 22

T/F small molecules can diffuse through the nuclear envelope but larger proteins and RNA require active transport

Answer 22

True

Question 23

What is the purpose of the golgi apparatus?

Answer 23

receives proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum, modifies then sorts them to other organelles, the plasma membrane and the cell exterior

Question 24

What are pores?

Answer 24

protein openings in the nuclear envelope

Question 25

What do lysosomes do?

Answer 25

receive enzymes from golgi apparatus that then breakdown macromolecules. the protein pumps help maintain pH

Question 26

T/F the mitochondria contains its own genomes

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Describe chloroplasts

Answer 27

gain their energy from the sun which then synthesize into simple sugars (photosynthesis). has internal membrane-bound compartments called thylakoid where the pigments are found

Question 28

what is the organization of the bio system?

Answer 28

cells organized into tissues tissues organized into organs organs organized into systems systems form organisms

Question 29

T/F a tissue is a collection of cells that work together to perform a specific function

Answer 29

True

Question 30

What does a cell junction do

Answer 30

connects cells to other cells or to the basal lamina and are reinforced by the cytoskeleton

Question 31

This is a connective tissue with few fibroblasts and a large extracellular matrix

Answer 31

dermis

Question 32

this tissue is water resistant, a protective layer, with epithelial cells and melanocytes

Answer 32

epidermis

Question 33

name the skin structure from outermost to innermost

Answer 33

1.) lumen 2.) epithelial tissue 3.) basal lamina 4.) connective tissue

Question 34

This functions to determine the shape of a cell

Answer 34

cytoskeleton

Question 35

This is involved in cell shape, cell movement, cell division, vesicle transport and organelle arrangement

Answer 35

Mircotubule (the one that looks like a firework)

Question 36

T/F Microtubules are formed by tubulin dimers

Answer 36

true

Question 37

What are the properties of a microfilament

Answer 37

aids cell shape, cell movement, cell division, vesicle transport and muscle contraction has a double helix of actin molecules surrounds the edge of filament

Question 38

T/F neurons are intermediate filaments in the nucleus

Answer 38

False: lamins are intermediate filaments in the nucleus

Question 39

What probably has a defect if your skin is less resistant to physical stress

Answer 39

intermediate filaments

Question 40

What are tight junctions

Answer 40

they prevent the passage of materials in between cells (create a seal) proteins = claudins and occludins

Question 41

What are the anchoring types of cell junctions

Answer 41

1.) adherens junctions 2.) desmosomes 3.) hemidesmosomes

Question 42

Gap junctions and plasmodesma are what kinds of cell junctions

Answer 42

communication

Question 43

T/F a tight junction is a barrier type of cell junction

Answer 43

True

Question 44

Difference between gap junctions and plasmodesmas

Answer 44

gap junctions = communication between cells in animals plasmadesmas = communication between cells in plants

Question 45

cadherins are major components in

Answer 45

adherens junction and desmosome

Question 46

integrins are major components in

Answer 46

hemidemsosome

Question 47

Intermediate filaments are the cytoskeleton attachment in

Answer 47

desmosome and hemidesmosome

Question 48

T/F cell-cell adhesion is the primary function of hemidesmosomes

Answer 48

False: it is a primary function for adherens junctions and desmosomes

Question 49

T/F the extracellular matrix provides structural support and information cues for cells

Answer 49

True

Question 50

What is the most abundant protein in the extracellular matrix in animals

Answer 50

collagen