nucleic acids and transcription

Question 1

What is the central dogma

Answer 1

theory of how genetic info flows in cells from DNA to RNA to proetin

Question 2

What is transcription

Answer 2

generation of RNA from DNA to RNA; emphasizing that they use the same “language” of nucleic acids

Question 3

T/F DNA is the template for RNA

Answer 3

True

Question 4

what is the second step in the readout of genetic information

Answer 4

translation; synthesis of proteins according to the “code” carried in the molecule of RNA

Question 5

T/F DNA is a polymer of nucleotides

Answer 5

True

Question 6

what did griffith’s experiment demonstrate

Answer 6

molecules can transfer genetic information from one organism to another

• bacteria in mice

Question 7

what did griffith’s experiment demonstrate

Answer 7

molecules can transfer genetic information from one organism to another

• dna rna and protein extracted from heat-killed virulent and purified to make a solution

Question 8

what are the components of nucleotides

Answer 8

1.) five-carbon sugar
2.) base
3.) phosphate groups

in DNA, the sugar is deoxyribose

Question 9

what are the four DNA bases

Answer 9

purines:
1.) adenine
2.) guanine

pyrimidines:
1.) thymine
2.) cytosine

Question 10

T/F nucleotide sequences are read from 3’-5’

Answer 10

false: 5’-3’

Question 11

Which end of a DNA nucleotide sequence has a phosphate

Answer 11

5’.
3’ is a hydroxyl group

Question 12

what are the base pairs and their hydrogen bonds

Answer 12

Adenine and Thymine
A - T = two hydrogen bonds

Guanine and Cytosine
G - C = three hydrogen bonds

Question 13

what contributes to the stability of DNA

Answer 13

hydrogen bonds

base stacking (nonpolar, flat surfaces the bases stacking as tightly as possible to group together away from water molecules)

Question 14

In the DNA of certain bacterial cells, 16% of the nucleotides are adenine. What are the percentages of the other nucleotides in the bacterial DNA?

Answer 14

16% thymidine, 34% guanine, 34% cytosine

A - T are = to each other
therefore
G - C must be =

Question 15

why is complementary base pairing important

Answer 15

incoming nucleotides are accepted if they correctly base pair with the template

the 3 OH- of the growing strand attacks the high energy phosphate bond of the incoming nucleotide to initiate the synthesis reaction

Question 16

what end of a DNA strand is the growing strand

Answer 16

3’ (hydroxyl group)

Question 17

Unwinding of the DNA duplex results in

Answer 17

a replication fork

Question 18

replication always occurs in the _ to _ order

Answer 18

5 - 3

Question 19

during replication, the daughter cell on top will elongate from _ to _ while the bottom will elongate from _ to _

Answer 19

top = left to right
bottom = right to left

Question 20

replication of the top strand is

Answer 20

discontinuous (fragmented)

Question 21

replication of the bottom strand is

Answer 21

continuous

Question 22

the discontinuous pieces in replication are called

Answer 22

okazaki fragments

Question 23

what does helicase do in replication

Answer 23

unwinds the parental DNA strands

Question 24

what does DNA polymerase do in replication

Answer 24

extends and RNA primer

reads the nucleotides and removed incorrect ones

Question 25

what does topoisomerase II do in replication

Answer 25

relieves the stress of unwinding

Question 26

each point where DNA replication is initiated is called

Answer 26

origin or replication

Question 26

T/F eukaryotes have multiple origins in replication

Answer 26

True

Question 27

T/F prokaryotes have multiple origins of replication

Answer 27

False: circular replication. starts at one spot on the circle and peels away turning into own circle

Question 28

what does a telomere do for eukaryotes

Answer 28

at each end of a eukaryote chromosome is capped with a repeating sequence called a telomere.

5’-TTAGGG-3’

it acts as a buffer between each round of replication since replication shortens the chromosome

Question 29

what does telomerase do

Answer 29

differs from one cell to another.

fully active in germ cells or stem cells

it is the enzyme that makes up a telomere

Question 30

PCR, gel electrophoresis, restriction digests, southern blots and sanger sequencing are all methods of

Answer 30

dna manipulation

Question 33

during this process, the donor dna and vector dna are both cleaved with the same restriction enzyme

Answer 33

recombinant dna

Question 34

genetically engineered organisms are known as

Answer 34

transgenic organisms/genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

Question 35

how does dna editing work

Answer 35

1.) guide rna combines with protein
2.) guide rna brings protein to the target dna and the target is cleaved
3.) an EXONUCLEASE widens the gap iin the target dna
4.) the editing template is used to repair the gap in the target dna
5.) result is an edited dna with an altered sequence