animal control

Question 1

types of signals sent to cells after stimulus

Answer 1

chemical and electrical

Question 2

negative feedback process

Answer 2

release of hormone to drive physiological process back to normal level

Question 3

positive feedback

Answer 3

release of hormone accelerates change in physiological process away from normal

Question 4

role of neurons in homeostasis

Answer 4

organized in a central nervous system; capable of electrical currents across membrane

Question 5

endocrine cells

Answer 5

release of chemical messengers into blood

Question 6

changes caused by feedback systems

Answer 6

signal speed
number of cells affected
precision
extensive overlap

Question 7

critical factors regulated

Answer 7

temperature
pH
amount of o2
(can cause rapid death)

Question 8

less critical factors regulated

Answer 8

blood levels of nutrients/ions
(won’t cause rapid death)

Question 9

neurons

Answer 9

biological computers that collect and share info w other cells

Question 10

nervous system evolution

Answer 10

increased number and types of ion channels
more complex interactions between neurons and other cells
neurons more organized into specific areas
formation of a brain and spinal cord
collection of more sophisticated information from environment

Question 11

voltage-gated Na+ channels (Nav)

Answer 11

better suited for long distance

Question 12

ion channel voltage

Answer 12

opened by ligands binding to outer face or a change in charge of amino acid residues inside channel

Question 13

voltage-gated Ca2+ channel

Answer 13

better suited for cytoplasmic processes

Question 14

sponge nervous system

Answer 14

no visible neurons or synapses
posses genes needed for functional neurons (Ascl1)
**waves of calcium pass through cells

Question 15

cnidarian (coral, jellyfish) nervous system

Answer 15

first evidence of nervous system
multifunctional neurons - sensory, motor, inter and secretionary
mesoglea - connecting network

Question 16

nerve nets

Answer 16

diffuse arrangement of interconnected neurons in animals without brains

Question 17

flatworm nervous system

Answer 17

first evidence of bilateral symmetry
small brain
light sensitive eyes, rudimentary sense of smell

Question 18

octopi nervous system

Answer 18

two well developed eyes
high level of tactile sensitivity
short and long term memory

Question 19

neocortex

Answer 19

only possessed by mammals
volume proportional to intelligence

Question 20

endocrine system evolution

Answer 20

parallel and overlapping system of blood-borne signals that work with neurons to control cells

Question 21

do prokaryotes have an endocrine system?

Answer 21

no -
extracellular signals affect neighboring cells in response to physiological changes, but there is no blood

Question 22

hormone free binding energy

Answer 22

hormone amino acids interact w receptor amino acids through h-bonds and van der waal forces

Question 23

hormone structure determines..

Answer 23

the information relayed; change of structure changes the message

Question 24

types of hormones

Answer 24

proteins, peptides, amino acid derivatives, lipids, RNA

Question 25

physiological processes affected by hormones

Answer 25

growth and development energy balance smooth and cardiac muscle (not striated)

Question 26

gene duplication

Answer 26

ectopic recombination retrotransposons chromosomal duplications

Question 27

gain of function mutation

Answer 27

mutation that leads to a hormone/receptor to control a new process

Question 28

loss of function mutation

Answer 28

mutation that leads a hormone/receptor to lose control

Question 29

amino acid derivatives

Answer 29

catecholamines - derived from tyrosine and tryptophan found in all animals

Question 30

peptide/protein hormones

Answer 30

found in all animals

Question 31

steroids

Answer 31

vertebrates - squalene invertebrates - no squalene, but farnesoate

Question 32

signal transduction

Answer 32

hormone receptor changes the message inherent in hormone structure to a form understandable by the cell

Question 33

GCPRs (G-protein coupled receptors)

Answer 33

bind w GDP to receptor receptor changes shape, dissociates bound to GTP alpha-GTP binds to downstream effector molecules cellular increase of cAMP and/or ca2+ common target kinases

Question 34

RTKases (receptor tyrosine kinases)

Answer 34

hormone induces receptor dimerization dimerized receptor is a tyrosine kinase after it phosphorylates itself changes activity of cellular proteins

Question 35

hormone evolution

Answer 35

evolved from factors that regulate cell metabolism transcription factors bind to highly conserved regions of DNA

Question 36

endocrine cell evolution

Answer 36

developed from secretory cells/neurons

Question 37

cell-to-cell networks

Answer 37

crosstalk between different hormones/receptors functionally redundant - more than one hormone controls key physiological processes