muscle and skeleton

Question 1

sessile

Answer 1

non moving

Question 2

non-sessile

Answer 2

freely moving

Question 3

molecular motors

Answer 3

proteins capable of converting energy in ATP into movement

Question 4

kinesins

Answer 4

move along microtubules by consuming ATP
found in all eukaryotic cells

Question 5

dyneins

Answer 5

transport cellular cargo/organelles
cilia and flagella

Question 6

dyneins

Answer 6

transport cellular cargo/organelles
cilia and flagella

Question 7

myosin

Answer 7

head - binds actin, consumes ATP, force transduction
neck - lever
tail - regulation, interacts with proteins
found in all eukaryotic cells

Question 8

myocytes

Answer 8

muscle cells needed to coalesce into larger structures

Question 9

myofibrils

Answer 9

larger fibers constructed from myocytes
connected to other structures (when they move, other tissues move)

Question 10

muscle evolution in sponges

Answer 10

contract body sections without muscle cells
require - molecular motors, contractile fibers, connection to cell cytoskeleton

Question 11

contractile apparatus

Answer 11

filaments and molecular motors
triggered by calcium (calmodium)
used by sponges

Question 12

muscle evolution properties

Answer 12

generates force through shortening (tension)
under conscious and unconscious control
dependent on the action of molecular motors

Question 13

amoeboid

Answer 13

change cell shape
crawling motion done by protozoans, slime molds
actin/myosin motors

Question 14

cilia and flagella

Answer 14

asymmetrical // symmetrical
one // many
axoneme

Question 15

functional characteristics

Answer 15

contraction - fibers shorten, generate force and pull on bones, slide past each other
excitability - respond to stimulus, CNS, hormones, physical
extensibility - stretch past original length
elasticity - recoils after stretch

Question 16

striated muscle anatomy

Answer 16

long cells innervated by neurons (conscious control)
usually associated with skeletons as anchorage points

Question 17

smooth muscle anatomy

Answer 17

individual small cells
same molecular motors as striated
much higher efficiency
activated by stretch

Question 18

sarcomere

Answer 18

contractile unit of striated muscle within muscle fibers
attached end to end, z-disk to z-disk, in series

Question 19

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 19

ER
ca2+ storage

Question 20

terminal cisternae

Answer 20

ca2+ sequestering

Question 21

transverse tubules

Answer 21

cell membrane invaginations

Question 22

actin filament

Answer 22

thin filament, overlaps myosin filament
attached to z-disk

Question 23

nebulin

Answer 23

scaffolding protein

Question 24

tropomyosin

Answer 24

barrier to interaction between myosin and actin
keeps muscle from contracting

Question 25

troponin

Answer 25

binds calcium to tropomyosin C - binds ca2+ I - binds actin, preventing molecular interaction with myosin T - binds tropomyosin

Question 26

z disk

Answer 26

site of actin attachment, also attached to cell cytoskeleton

Question 27

I band

Answer 27

region with only actin

Question 28

A band

Answer 28

region of actin/myosin overlap

Question 29

H zone

Answer 29

region with only myosin

Question 30

M line

Answer 30

site of attachment of myosin

Question 31

length-tension curve

Answer 31

relationship between muscle length (or sarcomere length) and tension development ideal overlap = maximum number of crossbridges formed

Question 32

invertebrate striated muscle

Answer 32

thick filament is 2-3x thicker, 2-5x longer paramyosin attached to myosin twitchin protein allows muscle to maintain resistance to stretch in absence of cross bridge asynchronous

Question 33

smooth muscle activation

Answer 33

ca2+ influx into cell ca2+ binds to calmodulin myosin light chain kinase is activated myosin light chain is phosphorylated cross bridge forms, tension develops

Question 34

mechanochemical coupling

Answer 34

only power half of the action of the muscle found in thorax and associated muscles

Question 35

mechanical oscillator

Answer 35

thorax, stretch rubber band can use smaller set of wings to generate more lift with less muscle

Question 36

resilin

Answer 36

elastic protein found in fleas striated muscle

Question 37

skeleton

Answer 37

rigid weight bearing, composite with strength and flexibility

Question 38

biomechanical advantage of skeletons

Answer 38

levers around a joint

Question 39

joints

Answer 39

move without friction

Question 40

endoskeleton

Answer 40

mineralized tissue (collagen), hydroxyapatite crystals

Question 41

exoskeleton

Answer 41

limits growth carry the weight

Question 42

hydrostatic skeleton

Answer 42

flexible chamber filled with water

Question 43

buoyancy

Answer 43

upward force exerted by a fluid that opposed the weight of an immersed object