digestion

Question 1

kilocalories and calories

Answer 1

bond energy
raise temperature of 1L of water by 1C

Question 2

caloric values

Answer 2

(in ascending order)

proteins - must lose N; feed into glycolysis, krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
CHO - production of co2
fats - feed into CHO metabolizing pathways

Question 3

the Sun

Answer 3

ultimate energy source
photosynthesis

Question 4

geothermal vents

Answer 4

extremely acidic
rich source of H2S

Question 5

Mponeg Gold Mine

Answer 5

no light or heat
radioactive decay of elements supports growth of bacteria as source of energy for animals

Question 6

oriental hornet

Answer 6

anti-reflective, light trapping bands
develops voltage gradient to drive ATP production

Question 7

filter feeders

Answer 7

water with food is strained over gills or other structures to remove food

Question 8

hematophagy

Answer 8

blood eaters
very efficient way to transmit infections - lyme disease, babesiosis

Question 9

liquid digestion

Answer 9

highly specialized animals
adapted to food source
symbiotic relationship
parasites!

Question 10

milk

Answer 10

mammalian trait
wide range of protein, fat and carbs

Question 11

seawater

Answer 11

organic molecules at very low concentrations
uptake by active transport
very little energy per liter unless filtered

Question 12

polyphyodont

Answer 12

teeth replaced

Question 13

diphyodont

Answer 13

teeth not replaced

Question 14

radula

Answer 14

invertebrates
analogous to teeth

Question 15

proboscis

Answer 15

invertebrate elongated tube (no tongues)

Question 16

protein metabolism

Answer 16

all animals require proteins and digest it in the same way (cannot produce all amino acids)

Question 17

protein digestion requirements

Answer 17

high acidity
protease activity

Question 18

amino acid types

Answer 18

acidic
basic
lipophilic
neutral

Question 19

lipid metabolism

Answer 19

all animals need lipids and metabolize them the same way, but NOT the same lipids

Question 20

lipid digestion requirements

Answer 20

lipases (complex –> simple)

Question 21

carbohydrate metabolism

Answer 21

all animals have the enzymatic machinery required to digest glucose

Question 22

carbohydrate digestion processes

Answer 22

glycolysis
citric acid cycle
ox/phos

Question 23

CHOs

Answer 23

ideal fuel
consumes o2 and produces co2
optimized for ATP production

Question 24

batch reactors

Answer 24

invertebrates
one entrance
digestion, absorption and waste generation in one place

Question 25

plug-flow reactor

Answer 25

all vertebrates and many invertebrates digestion, absorption, and waste generation in different places

Question 26

continuous flow stirred tank reactors

Answer 26

fermentation of cellulose ruminants and termites

Question 27

invertebrates and algae

Answer 27

algae convert sunlight into complete carbs for invertebrates invertebrates produce waste (NH3), used by algae for protein synthesis prolonged survivorship during periods of starvation

Question 28

microbiome

Answer 28

surface or internal complex collection of bacteria and fungi, usually beneficial

Question 29

hindgut fermentation

Answer 29

fermentation in large intestine GI tract 10-15x body length

Question 30

foregut fermentation

Answer 30

special stomach, regurgitation

Question 31

ruminant

Answer 31

rumen - microbial fermentation reticulum - separation of food particles by size, fermentation omasum - absorption abomasum - digestion and absorption of proteins; true stomach

Question 32

primary site of absorption

Answer 32

wall of the small intestine highly polarized epithelium

Question 33

digestive tract

Answer 33

specialized place to carry out chemical and enzymatic digestion

Question 34

digestive tract anatomy

Answer 34

foregut - esophagus midgut - stomach hindgut - intestinal tract

Question 35

digestive tract wall

Answer 35

single layer polarized epithelium large surface area - villi (folds) and microvilli (cell surface) similar secretion of saliva acid, enzymes, buffers

Question 36

alimentary canal

Answer 36

invertebrate entrance and exit hollow tube at both ends specialization along canal (separates digestion, absorption)

Question 37

gastrovascular cavity

Answer 37

invertebrate single opening, blind-ended tubes

Question 38

taste or poisons

Answer 38

alkaloids and glycosides tannins - bitter astringent

Question 39

metabolic rate (Mr)

Answer 39

consumption of energy at a specific rate O2 mL/g/min

Question 40

basal Mr

Answer 40

menial energy expenditure to stay alive

Question 41

good way to measure metabolism

Answer 41

expose animals to radioactive water loss of both 18O and 2H after 3 weeks = energy metabolism

Question 42

bomb calirometer

Answer 42

measure total heat production

Question 43

TEE

Answer 43

Total Energy Expenditure energy intake - deltaBF if you eat more than you need you gain body fat

Question 44

energy storage

Answer 44

fat storage - animals that move glycogen - animals that don't move

Question 45

glycogen storage

Answer 45

heavier than fat, better fuel in hypoxic conditions stored with water - HEAVIER useful for small bursts of energy during hypoxia