Animal Diversity

Question 1

Tissue structures

Answer 1

• sensory structures
• movement structures
• gap junctions (intercellular)
• vertebrate bone tissue (support)
• epithelial tissues (protection and secretion)

Question 2

Reproduction and development

Answer 2

• zygote-eight cell stage-blastula-gastrula
• sea stars (ex) reproduces by fragmentation
• uniparental: only use female gamete
• haplodiploidy: some insects produce males from unfertilized eggs (F=2N, M=N)
• Complete metamorphosis: larvae forms
• Incomplete metamorphosis: young resemble adults

Question 3

Homeobox “Hox” genes

Answer 3

• specific genes that dictate the direction an embryo takes
• “master control genes”

Question 4

How are animals classified

Answer 4

• DNA
• fossil evidence
• symmetry
• developmental characteristics (layers of germ tissue)

Question 5

Symmetry (classification)

Answer 5

• Radial: central axis, jelly fish
• bilateral: single axis, butterfly
• asymmetrical: no symmetry, sponge

Question 6

germ tissue levels

Answer 6

• 2 layers: diploblast
• 3 layers: triploblast
• each layer results in a specific organ or tissue
• Endoderm (inner): digestive, tracheal, respiratory
• Ectoderm (outer): epithelial, nervous
• Mesoderm (middle): specialized tissues and organs like the spleen

Question 7

Invertebrates

Answer 7

• no spinal column
• majority of animals (97%)
• 5 phylla

Question 8

5 invertebrate phylla

Answer 8

• Porifora: sponges, larvae are flagellated, immobile as adults
• Cnidara: radial symmetry, stinging cell around mouth or tentacles
• Mollusca: “soft body” snails, slugs, clams, squids
• Annelida: true segmented worms
• Anthropoda: “jointed feet” centipedes, spiders, scorpions, crabs

Question 9

vertebrates

Answer 9

• posses a vertebral column
• posses at some point in development: notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill arches, thyroid, post-anal tail
• includes amphibians, birds, mammals, fish, reptiles

Question 10

types of vertebrates

Answer 10

• Amphibians: 4 well developed limbs (usually), moist skin used for cutaneous respiration in youth, carnivores
• birds: homeothermic, fly
• mammals: hair and mammary glands, can be placental, marsupial, Monotremes (lay eggs)