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Bio 224.3 > animal locomotion-skeleton and muscles > Flashcards

animal locomotion-skeleton and muscles Flashcards

1
Q

what are skeletons for

A

body support, locomotion, protection

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2
Q

what are the three broad catigories of skeletons

A

hydrostatic, exoskeleton, endoskeleton

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3
Q

what skeleton type has limited protection

A

hydrostatic

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4
Q

what skeleton type must be shead for growth and what is this process called

A

its called ecdysis and exoskeletons do this

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5
Q

what skeleton type is exposed to bodily fluids and H+ as a byproduct of metabolism

A

endoskeleton

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6
Q

what are the two types of endoskeletons

A

-calcium carbonate and protein fibers, it easily devolves in acid (starfish)
-calcium phosphate and protein fibers, more resistant to acid, internal stores of Ca+ and PO4- (us)

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7
Q

what do vertebrate skeletons rely on

A

Ca++ homestasis

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8
Q

in vertebrate skeletons what is blood Ca++ tightly regulated by

A

endocrine negative feedback loops

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9
Q

what are muscles responsible for

A

responsible for movement of body

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10
Q

where are contractile cells found

A

in all animals

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11
Q

what did true muscle first evolve in

A

cnidarins

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12
Q

what are muscle contractions

A

shortening based in interactions between:
supporting filament (actin)
a motor protein (myosin)

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13
Q

what are the three types of vertebrate muscle

A

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

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14
Q

what muscle is volentary

A

skeletal muscle

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15
Q

what muscle is striated

A

skeletal, and cardiac

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16
Q

what muscle is unstriated

A

smooth muscle

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17
Q

what is involuntary muscle

A

cardiac and smooth

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18
Q

what is neurogenic muscle

A

voluntary muscle

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19
Q

what is myogenic muscle

A

involuntary muscle

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20
Q

all muscle is…

A

bioelectric (produces membrane action potential)

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21
Q

what is the average and largest usual length of a skeletal muscle cell

A

ave 3cm, up to 30cm

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22
Q

what does shortening of the muscle generate

A

force and movement

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23
Q

what is proximal insertion of muscle

A

muscle connects closer to the joint-speed

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24
Q

what is the distal insertion of a muscle

A

further away from the joint- strength

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25
Q

what are antagonistic pairs

A

muscles are grouped as such

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26
Q

can antagonistic pairs be active at the same time

A

yes

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27
Q

what is sliding filament theory

A

explains muscle contraction

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28
Q

what is the composition of a muscle

A

muscle—bundle of muscle fibers—muscle fiber—myofibril

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29
Q

what is a portion of a myofibril

A

M line - Z line - A band (H zone in middle) I band

30
Q

on a myofibril what is the dark band and what is the light band

A

dark A band, light I band

31
Q

how does the neuromuscular junction work

A

-it has a motor neuron axon terminal (presynaptic)
-muscle fiber (postsynaptic)
-acetylcholine causes a muscle fibre depolarization
-depol results in muscle action potentials

32
Q

what are some features of the neuromuscular junction

A

-it has acetylcholine gated cation channels (nicotinic receptor)
-and indents on the plasma mem of the cell for increased SA

33
Q

how is muscle AP conducted to the interior of the muscle fiber

A

along the membrane of the t-tubules

34
Q

what is the plasma membrane and the T tubules of the interior of the muscle fiber like

A

plasma mem- sarcolemma (folded)
T tubles- continous with the sarcolemma

35
Q

when you hear the word sarco what can you assume

A

that its related to muscle

36
Q

what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

-its like the ER
-it stores Ca+
-keeps cytoplasmic Ca+ low, SR Ca+ high

37
Q

how does the sarcoplasmic reticulum keep the Ca+ gradient how it should be

A

-uses Ca-ATPase to pump Ca++ form cytoplasm to sarcoplasm

38
Q

what us a ryanodine receptor (RyR)

A

Ca++ channel in sarcolemma

39
Q

what is a dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR)

A

voltage gated channels in t-tubule membrane-at rest plugs RyR

40
Q

what does the muscle action potential (MAP) do to dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR)

A

-it produces a conformational change in DHPR
-which unblocks RyR
-Ca+ defuses out of sarcoplasmic reticulum into sarcoplasm along large concentration gradient

41
Q

what are muscle cell contractions stimulated by

A

motor neurons form somatic nervous system

42
Q

one myofibril is many…

A

sarcomeres

43
Q

what part of the myofilaments is myosin

A

A band

44
Q

what part of the myofilaments is actin

A

I band

45
Q

what is the H zone on a myofibril

A

myosin only, bisected by M line

46
Q

what is the Z disk on a myofibril

A

it anchors actin

47
Q

what is the M line on a myofibril

A

it anchors myosin

48
Q

what regulates interactions with actin and myosin

A

troponin and tropomyosin

49
Q

what happens when actin and myosin come into contact

A

interactions make contractions, actin slides on myosin

50
Q

what gets pulled closer as actin and myosin come into contact

A

Z line gets pulled closer

51
Q

what causes actin and myosin to move filaments past eachother

A

change in myosin shape after cross bridge formation

52
Q

where does Ca2+ bind to on actin filaments

A

it binds to troponin

53
Q

what happens in presents of high sarcoplasmic Ca+

A

the cycle of binding and unbinding continues

54
Q

what is ATP required for when it comes to cross bridge binding

A

-required to detach actin/myosin
-also needed for Ca+ pump on sarcolemma

55
Q

what happens if no ATP is produced to detach actin and myosin

A

then filaments remain bound (rigor mortis)

56
Q

what is the muscle contraction due to

A

-continual crossbridgle cycling
-the formation of many crossbridges per sarcomere

57
Q

what is the length of a sarcomere

A

2.5 micro m

58
Q

what is the distance each sarcomere can shorten

A

0.25 micro m

59
Q

what is neural regulation of skeletal muscles

A

reflex arcs

60
Q

what is reflex arcs

A

stretch receptors and motor neurons connected to the CNS

61
Q

how do reflex arcs operate

A

-automatically
-integrated with conscious motor control by CNS

62
Q

what are reflex arcs important for

A

in posture, coordinating limb movements

63
Q

what does neural stimulation always do to skeletal muscles

A

it always shortens it

64
Q

what is one motor unit

A

motor unit=one neuron plus all muscle fibers it contacts

65
Q

what controls muscle activity

A

threshold

66
Q

what will a a restimulated action potentials with rest in between result in

A

single twitches

67
Q

what will a action potental that has been restimulated before it has completely relax result in

A

summed twitches

68
Q

what is tetanus

A

-if muscle is stimulated so rapidly that it doesnt have opportunity to relax at all between stimuli
-at the end it goes down because stimulations ceases or fatuigue begins

69
Q

what is an example of stretch activated muscles

A

asynchronous flight muscle

70
Q

what are asynchronous flight muscles

A

-smaller SR-more sarcomeres
-indirectly attached to wing
Mn AP:cantractions <1 (one AP leads to many contractions of muscle)
-mechanical coupling, more efficent use of ATP

Bio 224.3 (12 decks)

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