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Bio 224.3 > Evolutionary aspects of the animal kindom > Flashcards

Evolutionary aspects of the animal kindom Flashcards

1
Q

what is the biological definition of an aminal

A

refers to all members of the kingdom Animalia aka metazoa

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2
Q

what is the latin meaning if animal

A

form the latin animalis (having breath or having soul

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3
Q

how many know animal species are on the earth

A

there is more then 1 million know on earth

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4
Q

what kind of diversity do all animals on the planet have, how can they range

A

-diverse species
-diverse habitats
-diverse characteristics

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5
Q

what is monophyletic

A

meaning all taxa evolve form a single common ancestor

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6
Q

what is monophyletic

A

the animal kindom

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7
Q

what is phyla

A

group of animals or in some classifications plants sharing one or more major characteristics that set them apart from all other animals or plants and forming one of the main categories in biological classification that ranks above the class and below the kingdom

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8
Q

how can phyla be grouped

A

in clades

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9
Q

what are clades

A

a why that phyla can be grouped

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10
Q

what are some ways to define an animal

A

-multicelled eukaryote that lacks a cell wall
-heterotroph
-motile at least one point in their lives
-reproduce asexually or sexually (most)
-have nerves and muscles

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11
Q

when, how, and what from did multicellular eukaryotes most likely evolve

A

-form a colonial unicellular ancestor during the precanbrian era (700 mya)
-probably a flagellated protist
-cells in protists gradually became more specialized and layered

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12
Q

animals were probably a colonial flagellated protist what was believed to evolve from this

A

Choanoflagellates
a group of unicellular flagellated protists found in aquatic environments—and a sister group, the multicellular animals

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13
Q

how are the Choanoflagellates made up

A

they have a crown type head with a flagella sticking out. they made colonies with there “heads” pointing in that move together (some form of communication)

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14
Q

what evidence did conanoflagellates support

A

morphological and molecular evidance

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15
Q

what are the differences in a plant cell vs a animal cell

A

-plant cell has a chloroplast and cell wall, animals do not
-animal cells have centrioles, plants do not

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16
Q

if animal cells dont have a cell wall hoe is tissue stability achieved

A

through extracellular matrix and cell junctions. they are what allows cells to stay together and stay rigid

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17
Q

what are the different cell junctions

A

anchoring junction- have room between cells for things to pass through

tight junction- small space between cells allows for more control of what passes through

gap junction- important for synaptic transmission (nervous system)

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18
Q

animals can be based in features of there “body plan” what are these plans influenced by

A

-embryonic development pattern
-germ cell layers
-body symmetry
-body cavity type

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19
Q

what kind of reproduction do germ line cells undergo

A

meiosis to produce haploid gametes. but can also undergo asexual reproduction as well

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20
Q

what kinds of asexual reproduction can animals undergo

A

budding in hydra, fragmentation in echinoderms (starfish), and parthenogenesis in insects and come reptiles (development of unfertilized eggs)

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21
Q

what happens to gametes during fertilization in sexual reporduction

A

gametes fuse during fertilization to form a diploid zygote

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22
Q

what is zygote cleavage

A

-the division of cells in early embryos
-zygotes undergo rapid cell cycles with no significant growth

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23
Q

what does the zygote develop into after zygote cleavage

A

a compact mass of cells called morula

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24
Q

what does the morula turn into

A

it derives into a hollow sphere of single layers of cells termed blastula. this process in blastulation

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25
Q

why are zygote cleavage patterns important

A

it is an important trait that distinguishes two major lineages

26
Q

what are protostomes

A

a zygote cleavage pattern that exhibits spiral cleavage- newly produced cells lie in the space between the cells immediately below them

27
Q

what are deuterostomes

A

zygote cleavage pattern that exhibits radical cleavage- newly produced cells lie directly above and below other cells of the embryo

28
Q

what cells are the development fates decided right away? which ones are humans?

A

-protostomes have a predetermined cell fate
-humans are deuterostomes meaning developmental fates of the first few cells are not determined

29
Q

in deuterostomes what happens if a cell is removed form a morula

A

it will go on to form a complete organism (identical twins)

30
Q

is the blastula see in everything

A

no it is specific to animals

31
Q

what further happens after blastula

A

blastula invaginates and undergoes further differentiation into 2 or 3 (most amimals) germ layers

32
Q

what are the three germ layers that form from blastula invaginating

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

33
Q

what do different germ layers differentiate to form

A

tissues and organs

34
Q

what are diploblastic animals

A

i.e jellies, corals
they have two germ layers, the ectoderm and the endoderm

35
Q

what are triploblastic animals

A

i.e flat worms, chordates (us)
have three germ layers ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm

36
Q

what things does the ectoderm make up

A

skin and nervous system

37
Q

what things does the endoderm make up

A

digestive tract

38
Q

what things does the mesoderm make up

A

muscle and skeleton

39
Q

what is the different orders of embryonic developments of the anus and mouth of protostomes and deuterostomes

A

deuterostomes- blastopore develops into anus; mouth forms later

protosomes- blastopore develops into mouth; anus forms later

40
Q

what is the body cavity called

A

coelom

41
Q

where does the mesoderm differentiate, and the coelom originate in protostomes

A

the mesoderm differentiates near the blastopore and the coelom (body cavity) originates as a split in the mesoderm (schizocoelom)

42
Q

what is schizocoelom

A

the coelom (body cavity) originates as a split in the mesoderm

43
Q

where does the mesoderm differentiate, and the coelom originate in deuterosomes

A

mesoderm originates form out pocketing of archenteron (primitive gut). the coelom develops from space within the outpocketings (enterocoelom)

44
Q

what is the enterocoelom

A

coelom develops from space within the outpocketings

45
Q

what is radical symmetry

A

can be divided equally by any longitudinal plane passing through central axis (diploblastic)

46
Q

what is bilateral symmetry

A

can be divided along a vertical plane at the middle to create two identical halves (triploblastic)

47
Q

what characteristics do animals with radial symmetry have

A

-diploblastic (except adult echinoderms)
-exhibits no left or right sides (have a top (dorsal and a bottom (ventral) side)
-often circular or tubular in shape with a mouth at one end

48
Q

what do cnidarians and ctenophores have

A

often circular or tubular in shape with a mouth at one end

49
Q

what are some features animals with bilateral symmetry have

A

-triploblastic
-balanced duplicate distribution of most body parts
-specialized head with feeding and sensory organs (cephalization)
-digestive chamber with two openings, mouth and anus

50
Q

what is cephalization

A

specialized head with feeding and sensory organs found in animals with bilateral symmetry

51
Q

what is segmentation

A

-seen in animals with bilateral symmetry
-repeated structures along the anterior-posterior axis
-seem in annelids, arthropods, chordates
-advantages: movement, specialization

52
Q

what does the coelom do

A

it separates the gut form the body wall

53
Q

what is a eucolomate

A

-most animals are
-a fluid filled cavity between the intestines and the body wall
-formed within the misoderm of the embryo

54
Q

what is acelomate

A

-no body cavity
-flat worms (phylum playthelminthes)
-diploblastic are all acoelomates

55
Q

what is psuedocoelomate

A

-fluid filled or organ-filled space between endoderm and mesoderm
-roundworms (phylum nematoda)

56
Q

what are the phylum playthelminthes

A

Acelomates

57
Q

what are the phylum nematoda

A

pseudocoelomate

58
Q

why do we study animal diversity and evolution

A

-animals (and their body systems) have a common evolutionary history
-helps us to learn common principals

-animals occupy very diverse types of environments
-helps us understand environmental adaptaions

59
Q

what is the physiological phenotype a product of

A

the genotype and the environment

60
Q

what challenges must animals overcome to be able to survive and reporduce

A

-extract nutrients and O2/energy form the environment
-eliminate toxic metabolic waste form the body
-sense environmental changes and respond favourably
-maintain near constant internal body conditions

61
Q
A

Bio 224.3 (12 decks)

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