Evolutionary aspects of the animal kindom

Question 1

what is the biological definition of an aminal

Answer 1

refers to all members of the kingdom Animalia aka metazoa

Question 2

what is the latin meaning if animal

Answer 2

form the latin animalis (having breath or having soul

Question 3

how many know animal species are on the earth

Answer 3

there is more then 1 million know on earth

Question 4

what kind of diversity do all animals on the planet have, how can they range

Answer 4

-diverse species
-diverse habitats
-diverse characteristics

Question 5

what is monophyletic

Answer 5

meaning all taxa evolve form a single common ancestor

Question 6

what is monophyletic

Answer 6

the animal kindom

Question 7

what is phyla

Answer 7

group of animals or in some classifications plants sharing one or more major characteristics that set them apart from all other animals or plants and forming one of the main categories in biological classification that ranks above the class and below the kingdom

Question 8

how can phyla be grouped

Answer 8

in clades

Question 9

what are clades

Answer 9

a why that phyla can be grouped

Question 10

what are some ways to define an animal

Answer 10

-multicelled eukaryote that lacks a cell wall
-heterotroph
-motile at least one point in their lives
-reproduce asexually or sexually (most)
-have nerves and muscles

Question 11

when, how, and what from did multicellular eukaryotes most likely evolve

Answer 11

-form a colonial unicellular ancestor during the precanbrian era (700 mya)
-probably a flagellated protist
-cells in protists gradually became more specialized and layered

Question 12

animals were probably a colonial flagellated protist what was believed to evolve from this

Answer 12

Choanoflagellates
a group of unicellular flagellated protists found in aquatic environments—and a sister group, the multicellular animals

Question 13

how are the Choanoflagellates made up

Answer 13

they have a crown type head with a flagella sticking out. they made colonies with there “heads” pointing in that move together (some form of communication)

Question 14

what evidence did conanoflagellates support

Answer 14

morphological and molecular evidance

Question 15

what are the differences in a plant cell vs a animal cell

Answer 15

-plant cell has a chloroplast and cell wall, animals do not
-animal cells have centrioles, plants do not

Question 16

if animal cells dont have a cell wall hoe is tissue stability achieved

Answer 16

through extracellular matrix and cell junctions. they are what allows cells to stay together and stay rigid

Question 17

what are the different cell junctions

Answer 17

anchoring junction- have room between cells for things to pass through

tight junction- small space between cells allows for more control of what passes through

gap junction- important for synaptic transmission (nervous system)

Question 18

animals can be based in features of there “body plan” what are these plans influenced by

Answer 18

-embryonic development pattern
-germ cell layers
-body symmetry
-body cavity type

Question 19

what kind of reproduction do germ line cells undergo

Answer 19

meiosis to produce haploid gametes. but can also undergo asexual reproduction as well

Question 20

what kinds of asexual reproduction can animals undergo

Answer 20

budding in hydra, fragmentation in echinoderms (starfish), and parthenogenesis in insects and come reptiles (development of unfertilized eggs)

Question 21

what happens to gametes during fertilization in sexual reporduction

Answer 21

gametes fuse during fertilization to form a diploid zygote

Question 22

what is zygote cleavage

Answer 22

-the division of cells in early embryos
-zygotes undergo rapid cell cycles with no significant growth

Question 23

what does the zygote develop into after zygote cleavage

Answer 23

a compact mass of cells called morula

Question 24

what does the morula turn into

Answer 24

it derives into a hollow sphere of single layers of cells termed blastula. this process in blastulation

Question 25

why are zygote cleavage patterns important

Answer 25

it is an important trait that distinguishes two major lineages

Question 26

what are protostomes

Answer 26

a zygote cleavage pattern that exhibits spiral cleavage- newly produced cells lie in the space between the cells immediately below them

Question 27

what are deuterostomes

Answer 27

zygote cleavage pattern that exhibits radical cleavage- newly produced cells lie directly above and below other cells of the embryo

Question 28

what cells are the development fates decided right away? which ones are humans?

Answer 28

-protostomes have a predetermined cell fate -humans are deuterostomes meaning developmental fates of the first few cells are not determined

Question 29

in deuterostomes what happens if a cell is removed form a morula

Answer 29

it will go on to form a complete organism (identical twins)

Question 30

is the blastula see in everything

Answer 30

no it is specific to animals

Question 31

what further happens after blastula

Answer 31

blastula invaginates and undergoes further differentiation into 2 or 3 (most amimals) germ layers

Question 32

what are the three germ layers that form from blastula invaginating

Answer 32

ectoderm mesoderm endoderm

Question 33

what do different germ layers differentiate to form

Answer 33

tissues and organs

Question 34

what are diploblastic animals

Answer 34

i.e jellies, corals they have two germ layers, the ectoderm and the endoderm

Question 35

what are triploblastic animals

Answer 35

i.e flat worms, chordates (us) have three germ layers ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm

Question 36

what things does the ectoderm make up

Answer 36

skin and nervous system

Question 37

what things does the endoderm make up

Answer 37

digestive tract

Question 38

what things does the mesoderm make up

Answer 38

muscle and skeleton

Question 39

what is the different orders of embryonic developments of the anus and mouth of protostomes and deuterostomes

Answer 39

deuterostomes- blastopore develops into anus; mouth forms later protosomes- blastopore develops into mouth; anus forms later

Question 40

what is the body cavity called

Answer 40

coelom

Question 41

where does the mesoderm differentiate, and the coelom originate in protostomes

Answer 41

the mesoderm differentiates near the blastopore and the coelom (body cavity) originates as a split in the mesoderm (schizocoelom)

Question 42

what is schizocoelom

Answer 42

the coelom (body cavity) originates as a split in the mesoderm

Question 43

where does the mesoderm differentiate, and the coelom originate in deuterosomes

Answer 43

mesoderm originates form out pocketing of archenteron (primitive gut). the coelom develops from space within the outpocketings (enterocoelom)

Question 44

what is the enterocoelom

Answer 44

coelom develops from space within the outpocketings

Question 45

what is radical symmetry

Answer 45

can be divided equally by any longitudinal plane passing through central axis (diploblastic)

Question 46

what is bilateral symmetry

Answer 46

can be divided along a vertical plane at the middle to create two identical halves (triploblastic)

Question 47

what characteristics do animals with radial symmetry have

Answer 47

-diploblastic (except adult echinoderms) -exhibits no left or right sides (have a top (dorsal and a bottom (ventral) side) -often circular or tubular in shape with a mouth at one end

Question 48

what do cnidarians and ctenophores have

Answer 48

often circular or tubular in shape with a mouth at one end

Question 49

what are some features animals with bilateral symmetry have

Answer 49

-triploblastic -balanced duplicate distribution of most body parts -specialized head with feeding and sensory organs (cephalization) -digestive chamber with two openings, mouth and anus

Question 50

what is cephalization

Answer 50

specialized head with feeding and sensory organs found in animals with bilateral symmetry

Question 51

what is segmentation

Answer 51

-seen in animals with bilateral symmetry -repeated structures along the anterior-posterior axis -seem in annelids, arthropods, chordates -advantages: movement, specialization

Question 52

what does the coelom do

Answer 52

it separates the gut form the body wall

Question 53

what is a eucolomate

Answer 53

-most animals are -a fluid filled cavity between the intestines and the body wall -formed within the misoderm of the embryo

Question 54

what is acelomate

Answer 54

-no body cavity -flat worms (phylum playthelminthes) -diploblastic are all acoelomates

Question 55

what is psuedocoelomate

Answer 55

-fluid filled or organ-filled space between endoderm and mesoderm -roundworms (phylum nematoda)

Question 56

what are the phylum playthelminthes

Answer 56

Acelomates

Question 57

what are the phylum nematoda

Answer 57

pseudocoelomate

Question 58

why do we study animal diversity and evolution

Answer 58

-animals (and their body systems) have a common evolutionary history -helps us to learn common principals -animals occupy very diverse types of environments -helps us understand environmental adaptaions

Question 59

what is the physiological phenotype a product of

Answer 59

the genotype and the environment

Question 60

what challenges must animals overcome to be able to survive and reporduce

Answer 60

-extract nutrients and O2/energy form the environment -eliminate toxic metabolic waste form the body -sense environmental changes and respond favourably -maintain near constant internal body conditions