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Bio 224.3 > osmoregulation and excretion > Flashcards

osmoregulation and excretion Flashcards

1
Q

what does intracellular environment effect

A

organic molecule formation

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2
Q

what is protein function (e.g enzymes) affected by

A

ion concentration

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3
Q

when is protein function optimal

A

within a narrow range of inorganic ion concentration

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4
Q

what are the three compartments water flows between

A

intracellular, interstitial fluid, blood plasma (inter and blood=extracellular)

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5
Q

what is the make up composition of humans

A

60% water and 40% bone, protein, lipids

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6
Q

what does osmoregulatory systems regulate

A

water/solutes in blood, secondarily in intentional fluids

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7
Q

how can cells react to there environment out side

A

they have some ability to alter their cell volume

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8
Q

how do most cells regulate their intracellular ion compsition

A

using ATP

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9
Q

most animal cells are…

A

water permeable

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10
Q

because animal cells are water permeable what does this mean for what they can control

A

they can control there ionic differences across the cell membrane but not osmotic differences

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11
Q

what are the two main routes of transport epithelial cells use

A

-transcellular transport
-paracellular transport

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12
Q

what is transcellular transport

A

movement through the cell across membranes

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13
Q

what is paracellular transport

A

movement between cells
leaky vs tight epithelia

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14
Q

what is epithelium

A

layer of cells

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15
Q

what are some types of transporters

A

-Na+K+ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase
-ion channels (Cl-, K+,Na+,Ca2+)
-electroneutral cotransporters (-paired with+)
-electroneutral exchangers

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16
Q

how does water move

A

from low solute concentration (high water potential) to high solute concentration (low water potential)–>osmotic graident

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17
Q

what s osmolarity

A

the measure of solute concentration (number of osmoles per liter)
-1 mol glucose=1 osmole
-1 mol of NaCl=2 osmole

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18
Q

how do most cells respond to swelling or shrinkage

A

by activating specific membrane transport and/or metabolic processes that serve to return cell volume to its normal resting state

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19
Q

how sensitive are volume sensing mechanisms

A

can sense and respond to volume changes of 3%

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20
Q

whats RVI

A

-regulatory volume increase when the cell gains solute if the cell gets too small

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21
Q

what is RVD

A

regulatory volume decrease when the cell looses solute if cell gets to big

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22
Q

what are the transporters involved with RVI

A

-Cl-HCO3 exchanger
-Na-H exchanger
-Na-K-Cl cotransporter

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23
Q

what are the transporters involves with RVD

A

-K-Cl cotransporters
-K+ or Cl- channels

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24
Q

what are the three homestatic processes

A

-ionic regulation
-volume regulation
-osmotic regulation

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25
Q

what is ionic regulation

A

concentrations of specific ions

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26
Q

what is volume regulation

A

total amount of water in a body fluid

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27
Q

what is osmotic regulation

A

osmotic pressure of body fluids

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28
Q

what is osmoconformers

A

-strategy animals evolved to deal with osmotic stress
-it means body fluids and cells are equal in osmotic pressure to the environment
-mainly found in ocean where osmolarity averages 1000 mOsm

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29
Q

what are osmoregulators

A

-strategy animals evolved to deal with osmotic stress
-osmotic pressure of body fluids is homeostatically regulated and usually differrent from the external environment

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30
Q

what are the different stratigies animals have evolved to maintain homeostasis

A

osmoconformation and osmoregulation

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31
Q

how does osmoregulation in fresh water fish work, what are some consequences of being fresh water and how are they dealt with

A

-fresh water has a mOsm of <5
-fish has a 300 mOsm
-FW wish lose salt and gain water
-water is absorbed through skin and gills
-salt is lost via facies
-water and some salts are lost via urine
-they obtain salts via chloride cells in gills and with food (using ATP to pump in)
-fish dont need to drink

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32
Q

how does osmoregulation in marine water fish work, what are some consequences of being fresh water and how are they dealt with

A

-sea water has mOsm of 1000
-fish body has mOsm of 400
-they loose water through gills and skin
-salt loss via facies, salt and little water loss via scant urine
-gain water and salts by swallowing seawater and food
-removes salts via chloride cells in gills
-they drink sea water to obtain water but it also takes up more salt
-retaining water and getting rid of salts in the goal

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33
Q

what is osmoconformers a common strategy in

A

by marine invertabrates

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34
Q

what takes more energy osmoconforming or osmoregulation

A

osmoconforming is energetically less expensive then osmoreg

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35
Q

can osmoregulators cope with changes in extracellular osmolarity and ion concentration

A

no

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36
Q

what maintains a strict extracellular osmotic homeostatasis

A

osmoregulators

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37
Q

what has a high degree of cellular osmostic tolerance

A

osmoconformers

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38
Q

in osmoconfromers how can cells cope with extracellular osmolarities

A

by increasing intracellular osmolarities with compatible osmolytes—>maintaining cell volume

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39
Q

what is the molarity of extra cellular fluid in osmoconformers and what solute is most present

A

simular to sea water (1000mOsm), dominated by NaCl

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40
Q

in osmo conformers what is the the difference of pressure in ICF and ECF

A

they have the same osmotic pressure with universal solutes and organic osmolytes

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41
Q

what are some common organic osmolytes

A

carbohydrates, free amino acids, methylamines, urea, and methylsulfonium solutes

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42
Q

how do organic osmolytes effect macromolecules

A

they dont disturb then some even stabilize then against denaturing force of others

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43
Q

what are solutes classified based off of

A

by their effects on macrmolecules

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44
Q

what are perturbing solutes

A

-they disrupt macromolecular functions
-Na+, K+, Cl-, SO4+, charges amino acids

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45
Q

what are compatible solutes

A

-little effect on macromolecular function
-polyols (glycerol, glucose, and uncharged amino acids

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46
Q

what are counteracting solutes

A

-disrupt macromolecular finctions on their own
-counteract disruptive effects of other solutes when employed in combination

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47
Q

what do cartilaginous fish do to increase their tissue osmolarity

A

-they use urea as an osmolyte
-helps prevent water loss in marine environment
-ureas perturbing effects counteracted by methylamines (e.g TMAO)

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48
Q

what are the two types of osmoconformers

A

-stenohaline
-euryhaline

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49
Q

what are stenohaline osmoconformers

A

-they are restricted to a narrow range of salinity
-they cant regulate their osmolytes to compensate
-cant tolerate changes
-stay in the ocean

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50
Q

what are euryhaline osmoconformers

A

-they are tolerant of changes in salinity
-sucessful in intertdal zones
-regulate organic osmolytes in their cell

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51
Q

in stenohaline bull sharks what happened when they went from salt water to fresh water

A

-20% reduced Na, Cl
-50% reduced urea
-body fluids still had double osmolarity than fresh water fish
-massive influx of water
-massive urine production (20x more then in salt water)

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52
Q

what else are osmoregulatory organs involves with

A

nitrogen waste excretion

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53
Q

what is the problem with N waste

A

-metabolism of proteins and nucleic acids
-produces ammonia (toxic)
-accumulation of NH3 would lead to death (must be excreted)
-NH3 is very soluble–> excretion would require large amounts of water
-animals have developed different strategies depending on water avalibility

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54
Q

what are some N waste strategies and what are they seen in

A

NH3- seen in teleosts, larval amphibians, aquatic invertebrates

urea- seen in mammals, sharks, rays, turtles, adult amphibians

uric acid- seen in lizards, snakes, birds, insects

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55
Q

what is the most toxic to least toxic and least energy to produce to most energy to produce for N waste in animals

A

ammonia, urea, uric acid

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56
Q

what are some characteristics of ammonia

A

-very soluble in water but toxic at low concentrations
-easily permeates membranes

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57
Q

what are ammoniotelic animals

A

animals that excrete ammonia

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58
Q

how to invertabrates release ammonia

A

they diffuse it out of the body surface into surrounding water

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59
Q

how do fish release ammonia

A

excreted out of gills and (to a minor degree) out of kidneys

60
Q

do all aquatic animals excrete ammonia

A

no

61
Q

what is a ureotelic animal

A

animal that turns NH3 into urea

62
Q

what are some features of urea

A

-less toxic than ammonia
-tolerated in more concentrated form
-sacrifice less water
-uses energy to create

63
Q

what are uricotelic animals

A

animals that turn NH3 into uric acid

64
Q

what are some feature of uric acid

A

-1000x less soluble then NH3
-ppts
-non toxic but requires lots of energy to produce
-storage excretion

65
Q

what are some features of uricotelic animals

A

-adapted to limited availability of water
-used for shelled eggs in vertebrates
-excreted by land snails, insects, birds, and many reptiles

66
Q

what are external osmoregulators

A

-gills
-skin (e.g amphibians)

67
Q

what are internal osmoregulators

A

-gut
salt glands
-specialized internal organs called kidneys

68
Q

what are the diffrent kinds of specialized internal organs for osmoregulation

A

-kidney
-protonephrones
-metanephrones
-melpighian tubules

69
Q

what kind of animals have salt glands

A

shark, fish, birds and reptiles that live in seawater or desert

70
Q

what the role of nasal salt glands (what is the nature of it)

A

-it secretes hyper osmotic NaCl solution
-active transport of NaCl (ATP driven pumps keep the salt in)
-gets rid of salt
-retains water

71
Q

in a salt gland what happens as you move down the secretory tubule

A

the concentration becomes higher

72
Q

what things make up the salt gland

A

-vein
-artery
-secritory tubule
-which goes to central duct
-capillary
-transory epithelium
-secretory cell

73
Q

what is the kidney

A

-internal organ most concerned with osmoregulation
-common architechural and physiological principles

74
Q

what is the change concentration like in the collecting area

A

very level

75
Q

what is the concentration change like in the proximal tubule

A

-may be reabsorption/secretion of some solutes
-minor changes in osmotic conc
-major ionic chances

76
Q

what is the concentration change like in the distal tubule

A

-distal tubule, overall nonisomotic reabsorbtion or secretion
-major changes in osmotic concentration or urine

77
Q

what are the concentrations changes like in the storage bladder

A

there is no chane

78
Q

what is the osmoregulatory and excretory functions of kidney

A

-regulates water and inorganic solute levels
-removes nitrogenous waste, and other metabolic “waste”
-extensive interaction between blood and tubules
-membrane exchange mechanism are also key

79
Q

what makes up the kidney

A

-renal cortex
-renal medulla
-renal pelvis
-renal pyramid

80
Q

what part of the kidney is the renal cortex and the renal medulla

A

cortex-outside
medulla-inside

81
Q

what makes up the kidney system as a whole

A

-renal vein
-renal artery
-inferior vena cava
-kidney
-aorta
-ureter
-urinary bladder
-urethra

82
Q

what us the renal medulla divided into

A

renal pyramids in larger mammals

83
Q

what is the renal pelvis

A

drainage area in center of kidney

84
Q

what is a nephron

A

the smallest functional unit of the kidney
-1 million in human kidney

85
Q

what does a nephron consist of

A

a tubule and associated vascular component

86
Q

where does the first interaction with blood occur

A

in the renal corpuscle

87
Q

what is the nephron

A

the functional unit of the kidney

88
Q

what is the nephron responsible for

A

the formation of urine

89
Q

what are the three basic nephron processes

A

-glomerular filtration
-tubular reabsorption
-tubular secrection
resulting fluid is urine

90
Q

what is glamorous filtration

A

filtering blood into tubule forming the primary urine

91
Q

what is tubular reabsorbtion

A

absorption of substances needed by body form tubule to blood

92
Q

what is tubular secretion

A

secretion of substances to be eliminated form the body into the tubule form the blood

93
Q

how does blood travel through the nephron

A

-afferent arteriole
-glomerular capillaries
-efferent arterole
-peritubular capillaries and/or vasa recta renis
-renal vein

94
Q

what occurs in the bowmans capsule

A

-ultra filtration form the glomerular capillary
-reabsorption into the peritubular capillaries
-secretion back into the bowmans
-urinary excretion

95
Q

what is excretion

A

filtration - reabsorption + secretion

96
Q

what is glamorous filtration

A

-first step in urine formation
-separation of plasma fraction of the blood
-driven by blood hydrostatic pressure
-when ultrafiltration happens

97
Q

what is in ultra filtration

A

-contains small plasma solutes and water
-waste products
-useful molecules (glucose, ions)
no cells enter ultrafiltrate
-very low protein content

98
Q

how do glomerular capillaries different form other capillaries

A

they are much more leaky
-400 times more permeable then other capillaries

99
Q

what forms a filtration structure

A

podocytes with a foot process

100
Q

what makes the glomerous filtration good at filtration

A

-renal corpuscle (glamerulus, glomerular capsule(bowmans capsule)
-glomerulus have large pores fenestrae which is the space between cells
-high permeability (400x greater then other capillaries)

101
Q

what are the forces involves in matabolism what is the result

A

-glomerular capillary blood pressure (favours filtration 55mm Hg)
-plasma colloid osmotic pressure (opposes filtration 30mm Hg)
-bowmans capsule hydrostatic pressure (opposes filtration 15mm Hg)

result: net filtration pressure (difference between force favouring and opposing)=favours 55-(30+15)=10mm Hg from capillary to bowmans

102
Q

what is the glamorous filtration rate

A

125ml per min
7.5 L per hour
180 L per day

-entire plasma volume filtered every 45 mins

103
Q

how much of the filtrate is re absorbed by the nephron tubules

A

approximately 99%

104
Q

what is the proximal convoluted tubule

A

-where reabsorption occurs
-and secretion

105
Q

what happens during the reabsorption of proximal convoluted tubule

A

-65% of filtered water
-67% of filtered sodium and chloride
-glucose and amino acids

106
Q

what happens in the secretion of proximal convoluted tubules

A

-variable proton secretion for acid/base regulation
-organic molecules (organic cat/anions, water soluble toxins)

107
Q

how is tubular exchange done in the renal system

A

either transcellular (through cell) or paracellular (between the cells)

108
Q

what does Na+ do with the electrochemical graidednt

A

-Na+ goes in the cell from tubular fluid with its electrochemical graident and brings glucose in through cotransport(against its graident)

-forn the tubular fluid Na+ also does counter transport with H+ (Na with the graident, H against)

-to the interstitial fluid 3 Na is transported out and 2K+ in using ATPase

-to the interstitial fluid Na is pumped out agains traident using cotransport and HCO3-

109
Q

what does glucose do with tubular fluid and interstital fluid

A

-its transported out of the tubular fluid into the cell using Na+ co trasport against K+ graident
-transported out of cell into interstitial fluid with electrochemical graident

110
Q

what is interstitial fluid

A

it interfaces with blood plasma

111
Q

what does K+ do with tubular fluid and interstital fluid

A

-K+ is diffused both in and out of the cell with its electrochemical graident

112
Q

what does Cl- do with tubular fluid and interstital fluid

A

it diffuses paracellular (between cells)
to the interstitial fluid

113
Q

what does H+ do with tubular fluid and interstital fluid

A

it diffuses out of the cell from H2CO3 to the tubular fluid against electrochemical gradient

114
Q

what does HCO3 do with tubular fluid and interstital fluid

A

it diffuses out of the cell with its electrochemical graident to the interstitial fluid using cotransport and with Na+

115
Q

what does the loop of henle do

A

-it establishes a osmotic graident in the medulla
-reduces the osmotic pressure of the filtrate to ~100mOsm
-reabsorbs 20% of filtered water and sodium

116
Q

what does the loop of henle crating a osmotic gradient allow for

A

it allows water reabsorption by collecting duct (produces hypertonic urine)

117
Q

after the loop of henle how much filtered water and sodium is reabsorbed

A

-20% from loop of henle
-65% in proximal tubule
-=85% if the ultrafilterate has been reabsorbes by the time it reaches the distal convoluted tubule

118
Q

in the renal tubule when is the osmotic gradient isotonic

A

-in the proximal tubule
-the descending limb

119
Q

in the renal tubule when is the osmotic gradient hyposmotic in the tubule

A

-in the ascending limb to the distal tubule

120
Q

in the renal tubule when is the osmotic gradient hypertonic

A

in the collecting duct

121
Q

in the loop of henle what is the descending limb permeable and not permeable to

A

water but not to NaCl

122
Q

in the loop of henle descending limb where does the filtrate concentrate in

A

the medulla

123
Q

in the loop of henle what is the asending limb permeable and not permeable to

A

-active Na+ and Cl- reabsorption
-impermeable to water
-it dilutes the ultrafiltratre

124
Q

in the loop of henle ascending limb where does the filtrate concentrate in

A

the medulla

125
Q

what is the role of urea

A

it contributes to the osmotic graident

126
Q

where does urea accumulate

A

in the medulla

127
Q

once fluid reaches the distal convoluted tubule how much of it is the original filtered volume

A

20% of the original filtered volume

128
Q

what is the tonicity of the fluid in the distal convoluted tubule relative to the plasma

A

it is hypotonic relative to plasma

129
Q

how much of the filtered Na+ is reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting duct

A

7.5%

130
Q

is the DCT permeable to water

A

not usually but later nephron segments are

131
Q

what does the collecting duct do

A

-concentrates the urine by exploiting the osmotic gradient in the medulla generated by the loop of henle

132
Q

what is collecting duct permeability regulated by

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

133
Q

what kind fo feed back is the antidiuretic hormone regulatory system

A

negative feedback

134
Q

how does the ADH regulatory system work

A

-osmoreceptors in hypothalamus detect an increase in solute concentration in ECF due to water loss
-send signal to hypothalamus
-posterior pituitary gland releases ADH
-which then makes the collecting duct permeable to water

135
Q

what is the goal of releasing ADH

A

causes the body to try and retain water

136
Q

what is nephridia

A

-the primitive version of osmoregualtion
-the primative kidney
-protonephridia
-metanephridia

137
Q

what things are protonephridia found in

A

flat worms, rotifers

138
Q

what are metanephridia found in

A

annelids, molluscs, arthropods

139
Q

what is the structure of protonephridia

A

-network of closed tubules throughout the body

140
Q

how does the interstitial fluid filter into the protonephridia

A

-it filters through membrane where cells interdigitate
-it filters into the lumen at the flame bulb

141
Q

how do freshwater flat worms work

A

-they have protonephridia
-mainly osmoregulation
-most waste diffuses out of body or into gastrovascular cavity
-why they are flat: they have high SA:vol

142
Q

how do parasitic flatworms work

A

-they have protonephridia
-they are in isotonic environments
-mainly excretion of nitrogenous waste

143
Q

how does metanephridia work

A

-filter coelomic fluid
-take small solutes and waste
-tubules reabsorb NaCl and other solutes through active transport
-deals with osmoregulation and nitrogenous waste

144
Q

what things interact in the metanephridia

A

-the capillary and the tubule interact
-different form kidney that it doesn’t come into contact wth the circulatory system till later

145
Q

where are excretory tubules seen

A

in insects

146
Q

what are Malpighian tubules

A

-seen in insects
-acts as a dumping ground
-junction tubules empty out and waste goes into midgut
-all comes out as solid because of uric acid

147
Q

how do malpighian tubules work

A

-K+ is secreted into the tubule lumen
-accumulation of K+ draws Cl- ions
-water enters by osmosis
-nitrogenous wastes are secreted in
K+ and Cl- are reabsorbed followed by water
-uric acid ppts as crystals

Bio 224.3 (12 decks)

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