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Animal nutrition > Animal nutrition - general deck I > Flashcards

Animal nutrition - general deck I Flashcards

1
Q

What Seven minerals are required in moderate amounts

A

Calcium,
chloride,

magnesium
phosphorus,
potassium,

sodium,
sulfur

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2
Q

Name the 6 main electrolytes.

A

calcium
chloride

magnesium

phosphate
potassium

sodium

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3
Q

Double-bonds in fatty acids can be described as?

A

unsaturated

so single-bonds are saturated

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4
Q

What are vitamins?

A

Low molecular weight bioactive and essential organic compounds of varying compositions.

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5
Q

Name 4 fat soluble vitamins.

A

A, D, E K

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6
Q

Another name for vitamin B1 and function

A

thiamine

nerves and muscle tissue

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7
Q

Another name for vit. B2 and function

A

riboflavin

growth, RBCs

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8
Q

Another name for vit. B3 and function

A

nicotinic acid / niacin - digestive health

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9
Q

Another name for vit. B5 and function

A

pantothenic acid

Main function of this vitamin is in the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA) and acyl carrier protein.

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10
Q

Another name for vit. B6 and function

A

pyridoxine - brain chemical synthesis

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11
Q

Another name for vit. B7 and function

A

biotin - needed for various metabolic processes

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12
Q

Another name for vit. B9 and function

A

folic acid / folate - brain function and production of DNA, RNA

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13
Q

Another name for vit. B12 and function

A

cobalamin - nervous system, production of DNA, RNA

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14
Q

define cal

A

CALORIE (cal) - the amount of heat that is needed to heat 1g of water by 1°C

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15
Q

what unit of measurement do we use in association with large animal feeding? (cattle, horse, pig)

A

we use Mega Calories (Mcal) or megajoules

1 cal = 4.1868 J and 1 J = 0.23888 cal

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16
Q

what unit of measurement do we use to measure the feed/food energy content in small animals, birds, and humans

A

kilo calories (kcal) or kilojoules

1 cal = 4.1868 J and 1 J = 0.23888 cal

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17
Q

complete hydrolysis of 1 molecule (mole) of glucose produces?

A

38 ATP molecules (moles)

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18
Q

1 mole of ATP gives ? of energy

A

52 kJ of energy

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19
Q

Energy in the animal body can be roughly divided into two types:

A

– metabolic energy – in macroergic compounds (ATP)

– reserve energy – glycogen, body fat, protein

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20
Q

Under the term „nutrition“ we mean …
A. external aspect, linked to human activities
or
B. internal aspect, i.e. processes taking place
inside the animal, which are not linked to
human activities?

A

B. internal aspect, i.e. processes taking place
inside the animal, which are not linked to
human activities

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21
Q

Energy conversion from feed to production
is highest in …

A

B. poultry

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22
Q

Which of the following are in the largest
amounts in an organism?
A. Lipids
B. Proteins
C. Carbohydrates
D. Water

A

D. Water

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23
Q

Which of the following are in the smallest
amounts in an organism?
A. Lipids
B. Proteins
C. Carbohydrates
D. Water

A

C. Carbohydrates

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24
Q

Nutritive factors are …

A

A. nutrients which animals cannot synthesise
themselves and which they need to get from
their feed

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25
Q

How many groups are the nutritive factors divided into?

A

C. 7

  • Energy
  • Protein
  • Fat
  • Minerals
  • Vitamins
  • Water and
  • atmospheric oxygen
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26
Q

What is the unit of energy in the EU?

A

Work unit -> Joules

In the European Union, food energy labeling in joules is mandatory, often with calories as supplementary information.

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27
Q

Which chemical fraction of feeds gives the
lowest amount of heat or energy?

A

N-free extracts (starch, sugars etc.)

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28
Q

What kind of energy do animals need to
carry out their physiological functions?

A

C. Metabolic energy

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29
Q

What are the reserve energy sources in the
animal organism?

A

C. Protein, fat and glycogen

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30
Q

define α-amino acid

A

both amino- functional groups are attached to the same carbon

amino (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups

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31
Q

what are the staple functional groups of amino acids

A

amino (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups

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32
Q

define dry matter

A

the part of a foodstuff or other substance which would remain if all its water content was removed.

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33
Q

diff. between peptide and protein

A

Up tp 50 AA -> Peptide
over 50 AA -> protein

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34
Q

difference between lipids and fats

A

Lipids are a broader group of biomolecules found in the body of organisms.

Fats are just one type of lipid that are necessary for a healthy body.

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35
Q

name two essential fatty acids

A

linoleic acid (18:2n-6) also known as omega-6 and

α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) also known as omega-3

36
Q

The difference between alpha and beta glucose

A

The key difference between the two lies in the orientation of the hydroxyl group which is on the same side in α-glucose and on the opposite sides in the β-glucose.

36
Q

define pectin

A

a soluble gelatinous polysaccharide which is present in ripe fruits and is used as a setting agent in jams and jellies.

e.g. in kaopekt forte for management of diarrhea in dogs

37
Q

define lignin

A

a complex organic (polyphenol) polymer deposited in the cell walls of many plants, making them rigid and woody.

38
Q

define crude ash

A

represents the percentage of inorganic substances present in an amount of foodstuffs; i.e. the minerals.

39
Q

protein typically contains what percentage of nitrogen

A

16%

40
Q

Crude protein is a term that refer to

A

all nitrogen containing compounds

41
Q

coefficient for calculating nitrogen content

A

6.25

Protein = N x 6.25 (protein contain 16% N)

42
Q

explain NPN compounds

A

stands for non protein nitrogen compounds

e.g. ammonia, uric acid,
peptides (up to 50 AAs), free AAs, nucleic acids, amides, amines, ammonia, nitrates etc

essentially the intermediates of protein synthesis (fresh grass ) and/or hydrolysis (hay, silage)

43
Q

10 essential amino acids required by the typical domestic mammal

A

Arginine
Histidine (His)
Isoleucine (Ile)

Leucine (Leu)
Lysine (Lys)
Methionine (Met)

Phenylalanine (Phe)
Threonine (Thr)
Tryptophan (Trp)
Valine (val)

44
Q

3 most limiting amino acids in domestic animals

A

depending on the sitch (nutrition sources)

lysine
methionine
histidine

45
Q

where is the peptide bond between connected amino acids

A

is formed between one amino acid’s amino group (NH2) and another amino acid’s carboxyl (COOH) group

46
Q

what are graminaceous species

A

Graminaceous,
adjective. resembling a grass; grasslike.

wheat, barley, maize

47
Q

what is PPO

A

Polyphenol oxidase

an enzyme involved in fruit browning

inhibits proteolysis in some plants such as red clover

48
Q

what two components do lipids consist of at a minimum?

A

base alcohol (usually glycerol) and fatty acids (carboxylic acids),
and they are esters

49
Q

name 4 fat soluble vitamins

A

Vitamins A, D, E and K

50
Q

„brown fat“ function: (3)

A

– in cells of brown fat there are many mitochondria (the brown colour comes from cytochromes, respiratory electron carriers) where active FA oxidation takes place

– during oxidation, ATP is not produced and all energy goes into heat

– when the organism’s regulation of body heat is developed the brown adipose tissue disappears

51
Q

define cytochromes

A

Cytochromes are redox-active proteins containing a heme, with a central Fe atom at its core, as a cofactor.

They are involved in electron transport chain and redox catalysis.

52
Q

name 7 macroelements

A

major (macro) elements - 7 (g/kg)

calcium (Ca),
chlorine (Cl),

magnesium (Mg),
phosphorous (P),
potassium (K),

sodium (Na),
sulphur (S)

53
Q

name up to 10 microelements

A

trace (micro) elements – 17 (mg/kg)

chromium (Cr)
copper (Cu)
cobalt (Co)

fluorine (F)
iodine (I)
iron (Fe)

manganese (Mn)
molybdenum (Mo)
selenium (Se)
zinc (Zn)

54
Q

most and 2nd most abundant macroelement in mammals

A

calcium &
phosphorus

55
Q

most and 2nd most abundant microelement in mammals

A

iron & zinc

56
Q

how do minerals participate in acid-base balance?

A

by buffering

many mineral involved e.g. sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate, Zinc

57
Q

How are Na & K absorbed?

A

by using ATP energy to transport Na or K

58
Q

how are Cl, I, Fe absorbed

A

Cl, I, F are absorbed via an anion-cation exchange mechanism

59
Q

how are Ca & P absorbed

A

Ca & P absorbed via vitamin-D depending transport
protein

60
Q

cause of grass tentany

A

Grass tetany occurs when there is not enough magnesium in the blood.

fresh pasture or silage rich in NPN compounds which are broken down rapidly into ammonia in the rumen, NH3 then binds magnesium making it unavailable to the animal resulting in deficit and tetany

61
Q

difference between true & crude protein

A

True protein is what is made from amino acids

crude protein, is technically all nitrogen content (NPN compounds too) because of the manner in which composition is determined

62
Q

difference between metabolizable and digestible protein?

A

metabolizable protein: the true protein that is digested postruminally and the component AA absorbed by the intestine. supplied by both microbial protein and protein which escapes degradation in the rumen

digestible protein: the difference between the protein content in feed and in feces

63
Q

to which nutritive factor group do nucleic acids belong?

A

to crude protein because of the copious nitrogen in them despite mostly being metabolized and excreted via urine (as purines & pyrimidines)

64
Q

what is the van soest analysis method?

A

for estimation of crude fiber chemical composition

is the concept behind the detergent fiber analysis is that plant cells can be divided into less digestible cell walls (contains hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin) and mostly digestible cell contents (contains starch and sugars).

Van Soest separated these two components successfully by use of two detergents: a neutral detergent and an acid detergent.

65
Q

what is adf

A

acid detergent fiber

a type of fiber composition analysis technique

66
Q

what is ndf

A

neutral detergent fiber

a type of fiber composition analysis technique

67
Q

define Feed material

A

products of vegetable or animal origin, whose principal purpose is to meet animals’ nutritional needs,

in their natural state, fresh or preserved,

and products derived from the industrial processing thereof, and organic or inorganic substances.

68
Q

Compound feed

A

a mixture of at least two feed materials, whether or not containing feed additives, for oral animal-feeding in the form of complete or complementary feed.

69
Q

Complete feed

A

compound feed which, by reason of its composition, is sufficient for a daily ration.

70
Q

Complementary feed

A

compound feed which has a high content of certain substances but which, by reason
of its composition, is sufficient for a daily ration only if used in combination with other feed

71
Q

Mineral feed

A

means complementary feed containing at least 40% crude ash.

72
Q

Feed intended for particular nutritional purpose

A

feed which can satisfy a particular nutritional purpose by virtue of its particular composition or method of manufacture, which clearly distinguishes it from ordinary
feed.

73
Q

Medicated feed

A

a feed, which is ready to be directly fed to animals without further processing, consisting of a homogenous mixture of one or more veterinary medicinal products or intermediate products with feed materials or compound feed

74
Q

how do you define a Roughage
give 4 examples

A

(>18% crude fiber)
Fresh forage, silage, haylage, straw

75
Q

define chelate

A

a compound containing a ligand (typically organic) bonded to a central metal atom at two or more points.

Chelates have no electrical charge and therefore do not depend on the ionisation of intestinal pH fluctuations

76
Q

define Chelation

A

Chelation refers to the process during which minerals, such as calcium or selenium, are bound to an amino acid or peptide

chelates are molecular complexes

77
Q

Critical amino acids are amino acids, …
A. which content is low in feeds
B. of which animals lack most quickly
C. both of the above

A

C. both of the above

78
Q

Sort feeds in order of their amounts of non-protein nitrogen compounds…
A. hay > grass > silage
B. grass > hay > silage
C. silage > hay > grass
D. silage > grass > hay

A

C. silage > hay > grass

microbial degradation of crude protein produces more NPN compounds, this occurs in silage

79
Q

Organism reserve energy sources are …
A. glycose, glycogen, fat
B. ATP, fat, protein
C. glycogen, fat, protein
D. ATP, glycose, fat

A

C. glycogen, fat, protein

80
Q

Can an animal organism synthesize all necessary lipids themselves?

A

B. No

– These are essential FAs:
▪ linoleic acid C18:2
▪ α-linolenic acid C18:3

81
Q

Feeds/ration crude ash content is correlated with the energy content …
A. positively or
B. negatively

A

B. negatively

82
Q

Do the basic feeds cover production animals requirements for minerals?

A

A. No

83
Q

Does the organism assimilate which better …
A. chlorides and sulphates or
B. oxides and carbonates

A

A. chlorides and sulphates

their solubility is better

84
Q

Selenium deficiency can be covered faster if we feed …
A. organic selenium or
B. inorganic selenium

A

B. inorganic selenium

85
Q

what is weende analysis?

A

It is often referred to as the Weende System and was principally devised to separate carbohydrates into two fractions: crude fibre and nitrogen free extract (NFE).

The system consists of determinations of water, ash, crude fat (ether extract), crude protein and crude fibre.

Animal nutrition (19 decks)

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