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Bio133Z > Animal Osmoregulation #2 > Flashcards

Animal Osmoregulation #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Osmoregulation

A

Process by which organisms maintain the balance of water and salts (electrolytes) in their body and keep internal conditions stable

  • maintains osmotic concentration and pressure
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2
Q

Why is osmoregulation important

A
  • keeps cells from swelling or shrinking
  • maintains blood pressure and PH
  • supports proper nerve and muscle function
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3
Q

What is the main organ/ structure involved in mammal osmoregulation

A

Kidneys

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4
Q

What is the main organ/ structure involved in fish osmoregulation

A

Gills

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5
Q

What is the main organ/ structure involved in amphibians osmoregulation

A

Skin

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6
Q

What is the main organ/ structure involved in insect osmoregulation

A

Malpighian tubules

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7
Q

Osmoregulation of freshwater animals

A

Water enters body- removes excess water via dilute urine

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8
Q

What is the osmoregulation strategy of saltwater animals

A

Lose water to surroundings- drink seawater, excrete salt

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9
Q

What is the osmoregulation strategy of land animals

A

Lose water through evaporation- conserve water via urine

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10
Q

Whats the total body water in humans

A

Intracellular fluids (2/3)
Extracellular fluids (1/3)
- plasma
- interstitial
- trans cellular eg, ocular, gastrointestinal and cerebrospinal

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11
Q

Solvent

A

Substance that can dissolve a solute

Ie, in saltwater, water is the solvent

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12
Q

Solute

A

The substance that gets dissolved

Ie, in saltwater, salt is the solute

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13
Q

Osmole

A

Number of moles of solutes in a solvent

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14
Q

Osmolality

A

Measure of osmoles of solutes in a per kilogram of solvent (Osm/kg)

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15
Q

Osmolarity (osmotic concentration)

A

Measure of osmoles of solutes in a per litre of solution (Osm/L)

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16
Q

Water potential

A

Measures the concentration of free water molecules. It is a measure of the tendency of these molecules to diffuse to another area

Tells us which way water will move- from high water potential to low water potential

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17
Q

Solution

A

Mixture of solute and solvent

Ie,
saltwater is the solution

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18
Q

What is the water potential units

A

Pascals or megapascals

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19
Q

What is the water potential of pure water and all other solutions

A

Pure water- 0 MPa
Other solutions- negative WP

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20
Q

Iso-osmotic
Hyperosmotic
Hypo-osmotic

A

Iso-osmotic- Same solute concentration inside and outside (no movement)

Hyperosmotic- cell has a higher solute concentration ie, more salt inside cell (lower water potential) than outside (water moves into the cell- swelling)
- more salt outside water moves out to balance

Hypo-osmotic- cell has a lower solute concentration ie, less salt inside (higher water potential) than outside (water moves out of the cell- shrinking)
- more salt inside water moves in to balance

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21
Q

What is osmosis

A

Water movement from a high to low water concentration across a semi permeable membrane

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22
Q

What is diffusion

A

Passive movement of solutes with the concentration gradient (high to low)

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23
Q

What is active transport

A

(Requires ATP) movement of solutes against the concentration gradient (low to high)

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24
Q

How long is the human nephron

A

60km

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25
Kidney and its function
- remove waste products (urea and creatinine) - maintain water balance - regulate salt levels - control blood pressure - regulate PH - produce hormones
26
What are the main parts of the kidney and their function
Renal artery- brings oxygenates blood with wast into the kidney Renal cortex- (outer region) contains parts of the nephron (bowman’s capsule and convoluted tubules) Renal medulla- (inner region) contains loop of henle and collecting ducts. Generates a salt gradient to help reabsorb Renal pelvis- funnel shaped space that collects urine. Passes into the ureter Ureter- carries urine from kidney to bladder Nephron- each nephron filters blood and males urine
27
Where is the loop of henle located (nephron)
Nephron - proximal convoluted tubules - distal convoluted tubules
28
Where is loop of henle located in the kidney
Cortex, outer medulla and inner medulla
29
Function of the loop of henle
Reabsorption- Concentrates urine by reabsorbing water and salts Reclaim water- creates a salt gradient in medulla which helps the kidney reclaim water
30
What are the two kinds of nephron
Cortical (78% water reabsorbed) and juxtamedullary (98% of water reabsorbed)
31
What hormones are involved in the loop of henle
ADH- acts on collecting duct causing it to reabsorb water Aldosterone- acts on DCT and collecting duct causing it to reabsorb sodium and water follows
32
What are the steps in the loop of henle
1. Bowman’s capsule- filtration begins 2. Proximal convoluted tubule- reabsorption starts 3. Loop of henle- concentrating the filtrate 4. Distal convoluted tubule- fine tuning 5. Collecting ducts- final water reabsorption
33
1) Bowman’s capsule
- blood enters the nephron through tiny ball of capillaries called glomerulus - bowman’s capsule surrounds this and collects the filtrate (water, salts, glucose and urea - proteins and blood cells stay in the blood because they’re too big to pass through
34
2) Proximal convoluted tubule
- the filtrate flows into the PCT - the body reabsorbs most of the useful substances (glucose, amino acids, salts and water) - these go back into the blood stream - some waste products are also secreted into the tubule
35
3) loop of henle
Filtrate enters the loop of henle which dives into the medulla and returns to the cortex A) descending limb (into medulla) - water is reabsorbed into the medulla by osmosis - filtrate becomes more concentrated - no salts are removed here B) ascending limb (up the cortex) - salts (Na+, Cl-) are pumped into the medulla by osmosis - water cannot leave this part - filter becomes less concentrated and more dilute - this creates a salty medulla important for reabsoprtion
36
4) distal convoluted tubule
- filtrate enters the DCT - the body adjusts salt and PH levels depending on what is needed - hormones like aldosterone can increase sodium reabsorption - water may follow the sodium back into the blood
37
5) collecting duct
- filtrate flows into the collecting ducts - hormone ADH controls how much water is reabsorbed - if the body is dehydrated- more water is taken back into the body - the salty medulla helps pull water out of the loop of henle - final liquid left is urine which drains into the renal pelvis down the ureter and to the bladder
38
Hydrostatic pressure
Pressure exerted by a fluid (like blood or water) against a surface such as the walls of blood vessels or capillaries
39
Osmotic pressure
Pressure created by solutes (like salts or proteins) in a solution that pulls water towards them across a semipermeable membrane
40
What is ultrafiltration and its steps
1. blood is pushed through tiny capillaries called glomerulus inside the bowman’s capsule 2. The narrower the diameter the more hydrostatic pressure 3. This pushes fluid out of capillaries through podocytes into bowman’s capsule 4. Water and small solutes are forced out of the blood into bowman’s space 5. Podocytes allow only small molecules- water, salts and urea. Not larger molecules like glucose, amino acids or proteins 5. Osmotic pressure tried to pull water back into the capillaries but hydrostatic pressure is stronger so filtration continues
41
Ionic regulation VS osmoregulation
Ionic regulation- The maintenance of the concentrations of the various inorganic ions in the body fluids relative to one another (Protein structure, PH, electrical gradient) Osmoregulation- controls the amount of water in the body fluids relative to the amount of solutes (Solvent therefore ionic concentration, cells/ tissues volume + shape, hydrostatic pressure)
42
What are osmoconformers and examples
Match cellular osmolarity of the environment - jellyfish - sea anenomes - sponges
43
What are osmoregulators and examples
Maintain a different solute concentration to environment - Freshwater fish - amphibians - insects
44
Stenohaline
If an animal can tolerate only a narrow range of ambient osmotic concentration. Can’t handle large changes in salt concentration and usually live in stable environments Ie, Spider crab in deep sea
45
Euryhaline
Can tolerate a wide range of salinities, adapted to both fresh water and salt water. Ie, Shore crabs in rock pools
46
How do osmoconformers maintain match osmolarity
- balance by diffusion and osmosis= water and salts move freely in and out of body - internal fluids are isotonic= concentration of solutes inside their body=outside
47
Rate of diffusion equation
Surface area x concentration difference/ thickness of membrane
48
Explain how unicellular marine Stenohaline osmoconform (plankton)
Isoosmotic- internal solute concentration matches environment - no net movement of water - still need to regular ions slightly because: *cells make negatively charged proteins *this creates an electrochemical gradients that affect ion movement Isoosmotic, basic ion control (strategy) Low Stenohaline (salinity tolerance) Must maintain electrochemical balance (note)
49
Explain how multicellular marine Stenohaline osmoconform (jellyfish, marine worms)
- have 3 compartment systems (cells, extracellular fluid and seawater) - all compartments have identical osmotic concentrations (around 1100 mOsm - even though overall salt concentration same, the type of substances inside the cells are different and so must use active transport to move ions across membranes Isoosmotic, uses active transport (strategy) Low Stenohaline (salinity tolerance) Internal ions differ from seawater (notes)
50
Explain how marine elasmobranchs osmoconform (sharks and rays)
- blood is Isoosmotic or slightly hyperosmotic compared to sea water - they dont drink seawater instead they retain urea in their blood to increase solute concentration of solutes - they also produce TMAO whicb: *protects the body from toxic urea effects *maintains protein stability - this allows osmosis to bring water in so they stay hydrated without drinking Retain urea + TMAO slightly hyperosmotic (strategy) Moderate (salinity tolerance) Don’t drink seawater (notes)
51
How do euryhaline organisms react to varied salinities
- actively control internal water and salts - use kidney, gills or special salt glands - energy is used to pump salts in and out - move to areas with better salinity - shut down certain functions - change urine concentrations
52
Osmolytes
Small molecule found in cells that help maintain water balance and cell structure when the environment changes- especially when salinity or pressure changes
53
Osmoconformers VS osmoregulators
Osmoconformers- match internal osmotic concentration to environment (mostly stable environments) Osmoregulators- actively control internal water and salts levels (can live in changing environments)
54
Freshwater teleosts
Hyperosmotic (lose salt and gain water) - pavement cells in gills for active uptake of ions - do not drink (because more salt lost)
55
Marine teleosts
- kidneys reduced (aglomerula) instead - chloride cells in gills for active excretion of ions - drinking constantly (because more salt gained)
56
What do osmoregulators maintain equilibrium
1. Regulation of water content of body (osmoregulation) 2. Regulation of salt balance (ionic regulation) 3. Nitrogenous waste - ammonia/ammonium= fish - urea= mammals - Uric acid= reptiles and birds
57
How do marine vertebrates, freshwater fish and on land species osmoregulate
Marine vertebrates- excrete salt Freshwater fish- excrete hypotonic urine On land- water conservation
58
What percentage are kangaroo rats juxta medullary nephrons
100%
59
How long are humans juxta medullary nephrons
15%
60
Are lug worms osmoregulators or osmoconformers
Partial osmoconformers - they don’t perfectly match the salinity of their environments but also don’t fully regulate it - they tolerate moderate changes in salinity by allowing body fluids to shift

Bio133Z (3 decks)

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