Circulatory And Respiratory System #3

Question 1

What do flat worms and jellyfish have in common

Answer 1

Circulatory system
- no circulatory system
- lack heart and blood vessels
- nutrients and gases move cell- cell by diffusion

Respiratory system
- no respiratory system
- rely on diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through skin (flatworms) and body surface (jellyfish)

Question 2

Open circulatory system

Answer 2

Type of circulatory system where blood is not always enclosed within blood vessels instead they flow freely through spaces or cavities in the body

Question 3

Example of a open circulatory system organisms

Answer 3

Drugesia (flat worm)
Arthropods (insects and crustaceans)
Molluscs

Question 4

How is oxygen transported to cells in drugesia flatworms

Answer 4

Large surface area to volume ration, enhanced by dorsoventral flattening

Question 5

How is nutrients transported in drugesia flat worms

Answer 5

• short diffusion distance via branched gastrovascular cavity
• bigger species= more extensive branching

Question 6

Haemocoel

Answer 6

Body cavity between the organs filled with haemolymph (equivalent to blood)

Question 7

What is haemolymph

Answer 7

Blood like fluid found in animals with an open circulatory system. It is a mixture of blood and interstitial fluid but does not carry oxygen.

Question 8

What does haemolymph contain

Answer 8

• nutrients
• hormones
• waste products
• immune cells

Question 9

Open circulatory system processe

Answer 9

1. Blood (called haemolymph) is not fully contained within the vessels
2. Instead it is pumped by the heart into open spaces (sinuses or hemocoel) where it directly bathes the organs
3. Fluid returns to the heart through valves or pores (Ostia)

Question 10

What is Ostia and its function

Answer 10

Small valve like openings in the hearts of animals with open circulatory system used to return haemolymph

Question 11

Where is Ostia located in arthropods and molluscs

Answer 11

Arthropod- Along the sides of the dorsal heart tube
Molluscs- in the heart wall

Question 12

Different between arthropods and molluscs open system

Answer 12

Arthropods:
- haemolymph
- tubular heart on the dorsal side, pumps haemolymph into body cavity
- haemolymph enters hemocoel and bathes organs
- oxygen not carried by haemolymph in insects (tracheal system instead). In crustaceans oxygen carried via hemocyanin
-

Molluscs:
- haemolymph
- usually 1 to 2 chambered hearts
- haemolymph is pumped into sinuses/hemocoel and directly bathes organs
- hemocyanin carries oxygen

Question 13

Hemocoel

Haemolymph

Hemocyanin

Answer 13

Hemocoel- main body cavity in animals with open circulatory system (space)

Haemolymph- the blood like fluid in open circulatory system (fluid)

Hemocyanin- a blue coloured protein that carries oxygen in some invertebrates (the molecule)

Question 14

What is the only mollusc that does not have an open circulatory system

Answer 14

Cephalopod

Question 15

Is lug worm a open or closed circulatory system

Answer 15

Trick question:

Partially open circulatory system
- blood pumped through some vessels but leaks into spaces (sinuses) around organs= this makes it partially open

Question 16

Why do lug worms have a partially open circulatory system

Answer 16

• live in low oxygen environments
• circulatory system needs to be adapt to slow movement and low oxygen
• mix of blood vessels and sinuses helps circulate oxygen efficiently across body segments

Question 18

What adaptions do lug worms have in their partially open circulatory system

Answer 18

• Body contractions to circulate water in the burrow
• body hairs as gills to take oxygen from surroundings
• blood vessels in abdomen
• haemoglobin

Question 19

Are invertebrates open or closed circulatory

Answer 19

Open

Question 20

Are decapod crustaceans open or closed circulatory

Answer 20

Incompletely closed

Question 21

Are vertebrates and octopuses open or closed circulatory

Answer 21

Closed- vessels, unidirectional flow

Question 22

What is a closed circulatory system

Answer 22

Type of blood circulation where blood is always contained within vessels- it never leaves the circulatory system

Question 23

How does a closed circulatory system work

Answer 23

1. Heart pumps blood through a network of vessels
   - arteries- carry blood away from heart
   - capillaries- exchange gases, nutrients and waste with tissues
   - veins- return blood back to heart
2. Blood does not bathe organs directly instead nutrients and gases diffused through vessel walls into surrounding tissues

Question 24

How many hearts do octopuses have and why

Answer 24

3 hearts

*Two bronchial hearts (near each gill) pump deoxygenated blood to the gills for oxygenation
* one systemic heart (centre of heart) pump oxygenated blood from the gills to rest of body

Question 25

How many chambers does the heart have in mammals

Answer 25

Four chambers 2 atria (top chambers) 2 ventricles (bottom chambers)

Question 26

What is the left and right side of the mammalian heart called

Answer 26

Pulmonary (right) Systemic (left)

Question 27

Which atrium does oxygenated and deoxygenated blood go to

Answer 27

Right atrium- deoxygenated blood Left atrium- oxygenated blood

Question 28

Explain the process of how the mammalian heart pumps

Answer 28

1. Blood enters the heart 2. Atria contract- push blood into the ventricles 3. Ventricles contract- * right ventricles pumps blood to the lungs (to pick up oxygen) * left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body (to deliver oxygen)

Question 29

Why is there pressure in the lower pulmonary circulation

Answer 29

1. to push blood through the lungs- keeps blood moving 2. To allow gas exchange- O2 and Co2 transfer 3. Right ventricle contraction- creates pressure

Question 30

What other adaptions do giraffes circulatory systems have other than large hearts

Answer 30

- high blood pressure - thick and muscular heart walls - valves in neck arteries and veins - large lungs and slow heart rate - tight skin and leg veins

Question 31

What percentage of blood is used in skeletal muscles

Answer 31

21%

Question 32

What percentage of blood is used in kidneys

Answer 32

25%

Question 33

What percentage of blood is used in digestive tract

Answer 33

21%

Question 34

What percentage of blood is used in brain

Answer 34

13%

Question 35

What percentage of blood is used in skin

Answer 35

9%

Question 36

What percentage of blood is used in other systemic organs

Answer 36

20%

Question 37

Systole

Answer 37

Heart contracting and pushing blood out of

Question 38

Diastole

Answer 38

Heart relaxing and filling with blood

Question 39

Arteries

Answer 39

- Thicker walls with more smooth muscles and connective tissues - carry blood away from the heart (usually oxygenated) - no valves because blood is under higher pressure

Question 40

Veins

Answer 40

- thinners walls, less muscle - carry blood to the heart (usually deoxygenated) - have valves to prevent back flow (since pressure is low)

Question 41

How is cardiac output determined in mammals, birds and other invertebrates

Answer 41

Mammals- determined by heart rate Birds and other vertebrates- by stroke volume

Question 42

Blood vessel wall connective tissue and smooth muscle

Answer 42

Outer- connective tissue Inner- smooth muscle

Question 43

Blood pressure equation

Answer 43

Cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

Question 44

Cardiac output equation

Answer 44

Stroke volume x heart rate

Question 45

What is cardiac output

Answer 45

Amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute

Question 46

Why do amphibians have three chambers

Answer 46

Keep oxygenated and deoxygenated blood somewhat separate. -Sends oxygen rich blood to the body - sends oxygen poor blood to the lungs and skin to pick up more oxygen

Question 47

How many chambers do amphibians have

Answer 47

2 atria 1 ventricle

Question 48

What are the two circuits of circulation in amphibians

Answer 48

1. Pulmocutaneous circulation (lungs and skin) - right atrium receives deoxygenated blood - this blood is pumped to lungs and skin to pick up oxygen 2. Systemic circulation (to body) - left atrium receives oxygenated blood from lungs and skin - this blood goes to the ventricle then gets pumped to rest of the body

Question 49

How many chambers does a fish heart have

Answer 49

Two chambered heart 1 atrium 1 ventricle

Question 50

How many circulatory systems does a fish have

Answer 50

Single circulatory system

Question 51

How does circulation work in a fish

Answer 51

1. Sinus venosus- collects blood from body 2. Atrium- pushes blood to the ventricle 3. Ventricle- pumps blood forcefully to bulbous arteriosus 4. Bulbous arteriosus- smooths blood flow to gills 5. Gills- site of gas exchange occurs 6. Prevent back flow

Question 52

What are the heart valves in the fish called

Answer 52

Ostial valves

Question 53

What kind of system are the capillaries

Answer 53

Microcirculatory system

Question 55

What makes capillaries permeable to small substances

Answer 55

Pores in capillary walls allow small water soluble substances like ions and glucose to pass in and out of

Question 56

How do lipid soluble substances move across capillaries

Answer 56

Lipid soluble substances diffuse through the cell membranes of the endothelial cells

Question 57

What effect foes histamine have on capillary permeability

Answer 57

Histamine increases permeability by causing endothelial cells to contract making the pores wider

Question 58

What does adrenaline do to capillaries

Answer 58

Causes vasoconstriction of AVAs which can bypass capillaries

Question 59

What percentage of capillaries are in use at one time

Answer 59

5-10% of capillaries are actively in use

Question 60

What is the starling equation concept in capillary exchange

Answer 60

Describes how movement out of the capillary occurs when hydrostatic pressure greater than osmotic pressure

Question 61

What happens at the arterioles end of a capillary

Answer 61

Filtration- occurs outward hydrostatic pressure is greater than inward osmotic pressure

Question 62

What happens at the venule end of a capillary

Answer 62

Reabsorption- blood pressure is lower, so osmotic pressure pulls fluid back in

Question 63

What causes fluid to leave or enter capillaries

Answer 63

The balance between hydrostatic pressure (pushing out) and osmotic pressure (pulling in) determines fluid movement

Question 64

What molecule carried oxygen in vertebrate blood

Answer 64

Haemoglobin which has 4 sub units each binding one oxygen molecule

Question 65

Why is oxygen carried by haemoglobin

Answer 65

Oxygen is not very soluble in blood, so haemoglobin transports it efficiently

Question 66

What is haemoglobin

Answer 66

Protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body and returns carbon dioxide back to the lungs

Question 67

Whats the structure of haemoglobin

Answer 67

- 4 sub units - each with a heme group that contains iron - it can bind 1 oxygen molecule so each haemoglobin can carry 4 oxygen molecules

Question 68

Where is haemoglobin found

Answer 68

Red blood cells

Question 69

What does the Hb dissociation curve show

Answer 69

The proportion of haemoglobin saturated with oxygen at different partial pressures of O2

Question 70

Why is the curve of the hb oxygen dissociation s shaped

Answer 70

The first O2 binds with difficulty, then conformational change makes subsequent binding easier

Question 71

What causes the Hb dissociation curve to shift right

Answer 71

- Higher temperature - lower pH - more Co2 All decrease affinity for O2