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Bio133Z > Physiology Of The Gut #1 > Flashcards

Physiology Of The Gut #1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the gut

A

Gut is another word for digestive tract- long hollow tube in your body that processes food, absorbs nutrients and gets rid of waste

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2
Q

Major processes of the digestive system

A
  • motility
  • secretions
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • excretion of waste
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3
Q

What are the main parts of the digestive system

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Salivary gland
  3. Pharynx
  4. Esophagus
  5. Stomach
  6. Liver
  7. Gall bladder
  8. Pancreas
  9. Small intestine
  10. Large intestine
  11. Anus
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4
Q

Provide all the parts of the digestive system and their function

A

Mouth- starts mechanical digestion (chewing) and chemical digestion (salivary glands)

Esophagus- moves food to the stomach using peristalsis (muscle contractions)

Stomach- mixes food with acid and enzymes to start protein digestion
- fundus- stores food and gas; starts mild digestion
- body- main digestion area, secretes acid and enzymes
- pylorus- controls food movement to the small intestine (duodenum)

Small intestine- main site of digestion and absorption of nutrients
- duodenum- receives enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver
- jejunum + ileum- absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream

Large intestine- absorbs water and salts, forms and stores faeces
- Cecum- helps absorb water and salts, connects the small and large intestines and supports gut bacteria- especially in plant eating animals
-colon- Reabsorbs water, houses gut bacteria for further digestion
-rectum- stores faeces before elimination

Anus- controls the releases of faeces from body

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5
Q

What are the helper organs of the digestive system and their function

A

Liver- produces bile to break down fats

Gall bladder- stores and releases bile into the small intestine

Pancreas- produces enzymes for digestion and bicarbonate to neutralize acid

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6
Q

Function of the mouth

A

Mouth- starts mechanical digestion (chewing) and chemical digestion (salivary glands)

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7
Q

Function of the esophagus

A

Esophagus- moves food to the stomach using peristalsis (muscle contractions)

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8
Q

Function of the stomach and its three parts

A

Stomach- mixes food with acid and enzymes to start protein digestion
- fundus- stores food and gas; starts mild digestion
- body- main digestion area, secretes acid and enzymes
- pylorus- controls food movement to the small intestine (duodenum)

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9
Q

Function of the small intestine and its three parts

A

Small intestine- main site of digestion and absorption of nutrients
- duodenum- receives enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver
- jejunum + ileum- absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream

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10
Q

Function of the large intestine and its

A

Large intestine- absorbs water and salts, forms and stores faeces
- Cecum- helps absorb water and salts, connects the small and large intestines and supports gut bacteria- especially in plant eating animals
-colon- Reabsorbs water, houses gut bacteria for further digestion
-rectum- stores faeces before elimination

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11
Q

Function of the anus

A

Anus- controls the releases of faeces from body

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12
Q

Function of the anal sphincter

A

Ring of muscles at the end of the digestive tract that controls the release of faeces

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13
Q

What are the layers of the stomach wall

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscular externa
  4. Subserosa
  5. Serosa
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14
Q

What is the mucosa and function (SW)

A

Innermost layer (touches the food)

  • secretes mucus to protect the stomach lining from acid
  • contains gastric glands that produce
    • hydrochloric acid
    • digestive enzymes
    • hormones
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15
Q

What is the submucosa and its function (SW)

A

Layer just under the mucosa

  • contains blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels
  • supports the mucosa and helps transport nutrients
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16
Q

What is the muscular externa and its function (SW)

A

Thick muscular layer- unique to the stomach

  • responsible for churning and mixing food into chyme
  • has three layers of muscle
    • inner oblique
    • middle circular
    • outer longitudinal
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17
Q

What is the subserosa and its function (SW)

A

Thin layer of connective tissue found beneath the serosa

  • supports blood vessels, lymphatic and nerves supply the outer layers of gut wall
  • provides structural strength and flexibility
  • anchors serosa to underlying muscle layer
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18
Q

What is the serosa and its function (SW)

A

Outer covering of the stomach

  • thin layer that protects and supports the stomach
  • helps reduce friction as the stomach moves
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19
Q

What is the stomach wall function

A

Digestion of proteins and foods mixing

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20
Q

How many muscle layers does the stomach wall have

A

3 layers

  • oblique
  • circular
  • longitudinal
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21
Q

Enzymes and hormones released in stomach wall

A
  • Acid (HCl)
  • pepsin
  • gastrin
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22
Q

Special structures of the stomach wall

A
  • No villi
  • rugae (folds to stretch with food)
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23
Q

Difference between stomach wall and intestinal wall

A

Same layers (mucosa, submucosa, muscular externa, subserosa and serosa) but different structure and function in the mucosa and muscle layers

Stomach specialized for digestion
Intestine specialized for absorption

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24
Q

What are the layers of the intestinal wall

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscular externa
  4. Subserosa
  5. Serosa (or adventitia)
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25
What is the mucosa and its function (IW)
Innermost layer touches the food - absorbs nutrients through villi and microvilli (especially in small intestine) - secretes digestive enzymes, mucus and hormones - contains immune cells for defence against pathogens - in large intestine it lacks villi but still absorbs water and salts
26
What is the submucosa and its function (IW)
Lies just under the mucosa - Supports the mucosa - Contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and a nerve network (submucosal plexus) - Transports absorbed nutrients into circulation
27
What is the muscular externa and its function (IW)
Thick smooth muscular layer - responsible for peristalsis Has two layers - inner circular (squeezes the tube) - outer longitudinal (shortens the tube) - controls movement of food through the intestine
28
What is the serosa and its function (IW)
Outermost layer - serosa= a thin slippery membrane that reduces friction - adventitia= connective tissue that anchors the intestine to surrounding structures
29
Whats the main function of the intestinal wall
Nutrients absorption and further digestion
30
How many muscle layers does the intestinal wall have
2 layers (circular and longitudinal)
31
What hormones and enzymes do the intestinal wall release
Enzymes (maltase and sucrase) and hormones (secretin)
32
Special features of the intestinal wall
Villi and microvilli increases the surface area for absorption
33
What is carbohydrate digestion and where does it occur
Mouth: salivary amylase= breaks down starch (polysaccharides) into smaller sugars like maltose Small intestine (lumen): Pancreatic amylase= continues breakdown starch into disaccharides Small intestine (brush border): Disaccharides (maltase, sucrase, lactase)= break disaccharides into monosaccharides (like glucose) ready for absorption
34
What is protein digestion and where does it occur
Stomach: Pepsin= starts breaking proteins into smaller sugars like polypeptides Small intestine (lumen): Pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin= break polypeptides into smaller ones Pancreatic carboxypeptidase= cuts off amino acids from polypeptides Small intestine (brush border): Dipeptidase, carboxypeptidase and aminopeptidase= break down remaining small peptides into amino acids ready for absorption
35
What is nucleic acid digestion and where does it occur
Small intestine (lumen): Pancreatic nucleases= breaks DNA/RNA into nucleotides Small intestine (brush border): Nucleotidases= break nucleotides into nucleosides Nucelosidases and phosphatases= break nucleosides into nitrogen bases, sugars and phosphates
36
What is fat digestion and where does it occur
Small intestine (lumen): Bile salts (from liver)= break fat globules into small fat droplets Pancreatic lipase= breaks fats into glycerol, fatty acids and monoglycerides ready for absorption
37
Summarize the nutrient, enzymes involved and the end product
Carbohydrate (salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, disaccharides)- monosaccharides Proteins (pepsin, trypsin and peptidases)- amino acids Nucleic acids (nucleases, nucleotidases, phosphatases)- nitrogen bases, sugars and phosphates Fats (bile salts, pancreatic lipases)- glycerol and fatty acids
38
What are the hormones we need to know
- Gastrin - cholecystokinin - secretin - GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide) - bulbogastrone - VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) - enteroglucagon - enkephalin - somatostatin
39
Where is gastrin made and main role and trigger
Made: Stomach and duodenum Function: Increases HCL production and gastric motility Trigger: proteins in stomach and vagus nerve
40
Where is cholecystokinin made and main role and trigger
Made: Upper small intestine Function: Causes gall bladder contraction and pancreatic juice release Trigger: fatty acids and amino acids
41
Where is secretin made and main role and trigger
Made: Duodenum Function: Stimulates bicarbonate secretion (neutralizes acid) and slows stomach movement Trigger: strong acid in duodenum
42
Where is GIP made and main role and trigger
Made: Upper small intestine Function: Slows down gastric secretion and motility Trigger: sugars and fats in duodenum
43
Where is bulbogastrone made and main role and trigger
Made: Upper small intestine Function: Inhibits gastric acid secretion Trigger: acid in duodenum
44
Where is VIP made and main role and trigger
Made: Duodenum Function: Increases blood flow secretion of pancreatic fluid and inhibits acid Trigger: fats in duodenum
45
Where is enkephalin made and main role and trigger
Made: Small intestine Function: Stimulates acid secretion, inhibits pancreatic enzyme release Trigger: basic (alkaline) conditions
46
Where is somatostatin made and main role and trigger
Made: Small intestine Function: Broad inhibitory effects: lowers acids, enzymes secretion, motility and blood flow Trigger: acids in stomach
47
Where is enteroglucagon made and main role and trigger
Made: Duodenum Function: Slows gut movement and secretion Trigger: carbohydrates in duodenum
48
What trophic level is a turbot
4.5
49
What trophic level is a trout
4.4
50
What trophic level is a catfish
3.7
51
What trophic level is a carp
3
52
What trophic level is a milk fish
2
53
What are ruminants
Herbivorous mammals that have specialized stomach with four compartments to digest tough plant material like cellulose from grass
54
Whats a classic example of ruminants
Cows (bos taurus)
55
How do ruminants carry out this function
Microbes- use bacteria, Protozoa and fungi in their stomach to help ferment and break down cellulose Chew chub- food is regurgitated, rechewed and swallowed again to improve digestion
56
What are the four stomachs of a cow
1. Rumen- largest part and is the fermentation chamber where microbes digest cellulose, hemicellulose and pectins (found in grass) 2. Reticulum- works with the rumen traps foreign objects and helps form cud 3. Omasum- absorbs water and nutrients and acts like a filter 4. Abomasum- the true stomach and uses acids and enzymes to digest proteins like non ruminants
57
Explain the basic digestion process of ruminants (cows)
1. Cow eats grass- food goes to the rumen and reticulum 2. Microbes start breaking down cellulose 3. Cow regurgitates cud- chews it again 4. Re-swallowed food passes through omasum- absorbs water 5. Finally food enters the abomasum for enzymatic digestion
58
What is cud
Regurgitated plant material
59
How many microbes per ml does rumen contain
10^12 of Protozoa, fungi, bacteria and archaea
60
What are the main products of fermentation
Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) Ammonia Carbon dioxide Hydrogen Ethanol
61
What is the methane production and process
1. Special microbes called methanogens 2. Convert CO2 and H2 into methane 3. Methane is burped out by animal and contributes to climate change
62
What are monogastric animals
Animals with one stomach chamber ie, humans, pigs, chickens and rats
63
What enzymes do monogastric animals use to digest food
HCL and pepsin in stomach to digest food
64
What systems control the digestive system
Nervous and endocrine system
65
Hindgut fermenter
Animal that digests plant materias (especially fibre) in the large intestine and cecum using microbial fermentation Ie, Horses, rabbits and elephants
66
What is a foregut fermenter
Animal that digests plant material (mainly cellulose) using microbial fermentation in the stomach or before the small intestine Ie, Ruminants, kangaroos, sloths
67
Ruminants Monogastric Hindgut Foregut
Ruminants- foregut fermenters with 4 chambered stomachs Monogastric- one simple stomach no fermentation chamber Hindgut fermenters- animal that digests plant materials (especially fibre) in the large intestine and cecum using microbial fermentation Foregut fermenters- animal that digests plant materials (especially cellulose) using microbial fermentation in the stomach and before the small intestine

Bio133Z (3 decks)

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